Help:IPA



Here is a basic key to the symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet. For the smaller set of symbols that is sufficient for English, see Help:IPA/English. Several rare IPA symbols are not included; these are found in the main IPA article. For the Manual of Style guideline for pronunciation, see Manual of Style/Pronunciation.

For each IPA symbol, an English example is given where possible; here "RP" stands for Received Pronunciation. The foreign languages that are used to illustrate additional sounds are primarily the ones most likely to be familiar to English speakers, French, Standard German, and Spanish. For symbols not covered by those, recourse is taken to the populous languages Standard Chinese, Hindustani, Arabic, and Russian. For sounds still not covered, other smaller but well-known languages are used, such as Swahili, Turkish, and Zulu.

The left-hand column displays the symbols like this:. Click on "listen" to hear the sound; click on the symbol itself for a dedicated article with a more complete description and examples from multiple languages. Consonant sounds are spoken once followed by a vowel and once between vowels.

Main symbols
The symbols are arranged by similarity to letters of the Latin alphabet. Symbols which do not resemble any Latin letter are placed at the end.

Marks added to letters
Several marks can be added above, below, before or after letters. These are here shown on a carrier letter such as the vowel a. A more complete list is given at.

Brackets
Two types of brackets are commonly used to enclose transcriptions in the IPA:
 * /Slashes/ indicate sounds that are distinguished as the basic units of words in a language by native speakers; these are called phonemes. Changing the symbols between these slashes would either change the identity of the word or produce nonsense. For example, since there is no meaningful difference to a native speaker between the two sounds written with the letter L in the word lulls, they are considered the same phoneme, and so, using slashes, they are given the same symbol in IPA: . Similarly, Spanish la bamba is transcribed phonemically with two instances of the same b sound,, despite the fact that they sound different to a speaker of English. Thus a reader who is not familiar with the language in question might not know how to interpret these transcriptions more narrowly.
 * [Square brackets] indicate the narrower or more detailed phonetic qualities of a pronunciation, not taking into account the norms of the language to which it belongs; therefore, such transcriptions do not regard whether subtly different sounds in the pronunciation are actually noticeable or distinguishable to a native speaker of the language. Within square brackets is what a foreigner who does not know the structure of a language might hear as discrete units of sound. For instance, the English word lulls may be pronounced in a particular dialect more specifically as, with different letter L sounds at the beginning and end. This may be obvious to speakers of languages that differentiate between the sounds and . Likewise, Spanish la bamba (pronounced without a pause) has two different b-sounds to the ears of foreigners or linguists——though a native Spanish speaker might not be able to hear it. Omitting or adding such detail does not make a difference to the identity of the word, but helps to give a more precise pronunciation.

A third kind of bracket is occasionally seen:
 * Either //double slashes// or |pipes| (or occasionally other conventions) show that the enclosed sounds are theoretical constructs that are not actually heard. (This is part of morphophonology.) For instance, most phonologists argue that the -s at the ends of verbs, which surfaces as either in talks  or as  in lulls, has a single underlying form. If they decide this form is an s, they would write it //s// (or |s|) to claim that phonemic  and  are essentially  and  underneath. If they were to decide it was essentially the latter, //z//, they would transcribe these words  and.

Lastly,
 * $\langle\rangle$ are used to set off orthography, as well as transliteration from non-Latin scripts. Thus $\langle\rangle$, $⟨⟩$, the letter $\langleAngle brackets\rangle$.  Angle brackets are not supported by all fonts, so a template angle bracket (shortcut angbr) is used to ensure maximal compatibility. (Comment there if you're having problems.)

Rendering issues
IPA typeface support is increasing, and is now included in several typefaces such as the Times New Roman versions that come with various recent computer operating systems. Diacritics are not always properly rendered, however. IPA typefaces that are freely available online include Gentium, several from the SIL (such as Charis SIL, and Doulos SIL), Dehuti, DejaVu Sans, and TITUS Cyberbit, which are all freely available; as well as commercial typefaces such as Brill, available from Brill Publishers, and Lucida Sans Unicode and Arial Unicode MS, shipping with various Microsoft products. These all include several ranges of characters in addition to the IPA. Modern Web browsers generally do not need any configuration to display these symbols, provided that a typeface capable of doing so is available to the operating system.

Particularly, the following symbols may be shown improperly depending on your font:

These two characters should look similar:
 * {|class=wikitable

If in the box to the left you see the symbol rather than a lower-case open-tail g, you may be experiencing a well-known bug in the font MS Reference Sans Serif; switching to another font may fix it.
 * -textalign=top
 * [[file:opentail_g.svg|8px]]
 * }
 * }

On your current font: ,

and in several other fonts:

The tie bar is intended to cover both letters of an affricate or doubly articulated consonant. However, if your browser uses Arial Unicode MS to display IPA characters, the following incorrectly formed sequences may look better than the correct order (letter, tie bar, letter) due to a bug in that font:
 * ts͡, tʃ͡, tɕ͡, dz͡, dʒ͡, dʑ͡, tɬ͡, kp͡, ɡb͡, ŋm͡.

Here is how the proper configuration displays in your default IPA font:

and in several other fonts:

True angle brackets, &#x27E8; &#x27E9;, are unsupported by several common fonts. Here is how they display in your default settings:


 * ⟨...⟩ (unformatted)
 * (default IPA font)
 * ⟨...⟩ (default Unicode font),

and in several specific fonts:

Computer input using on-screen keyboard
Online IPA keyboard utilities are available and they cover a range of IPA symbols and diacritics:
 * IPA i-charts (2018)
 * IPA character picker
 * TypeIt.org
 * IPA Chart Keyboard