Magisteria

Magisteria (French: Magistere), officially the United Magisterian Socialist Cooperative Republics (French: Républiques Coopératives Socialistes Unies Magisterais), is an island country in the located east of the  and south of the island of. It is the world's fifth-most populated country and tenth-largest country by land area, with a total land area of 2,559,772 km2 (988,333 sq mi) and a population of 234.6 million. The national capital is Annesia City, and the largest city in the nation is Dayton, both of which are located in the country's most populous republic, the Atlantican SCR.

For thousands of years, indigenous peoples have lived in what is now Magisteria. Beginning in the 16th century, British and French expeditions explored and later colonized along the Atlantic coast, including the island of Magisteria. As a result of numerous violent conflicts, lost nearly all of its North American colonies in 1763. Magisteria gained dominion status in 1878 and formed the Magisterian Commonwealth via the British Atlantica Act of 1878.

The country's modern roots lay in the Magisterian Revolution of 1920, which saw communist revolutionaries under the leadership of William Plamondon overthrow the commonwealth government. The new government, led by William Plamondon, established the Magisterian Socialist People's Republic (MSPR), the first constitutionally guaranteed socialist state in the Americas. Plamondon's growing paranoia drove him to conducting the 'Mass Extermination of Counterrevolutionaries,' a series of killings of several political figures labeled 'counterrevolutionary' by Plamondon. Following Plamondon's death on 12 February 1936, Charles Edgar Garnier came to power. Garnier inaugurated a period of gradual industrialization and collectivization that led to significant economic growth and dramatic improvements in the average standard of living, particularly in urban areas. In addition, Garnier implemented de-Plamondization reforms, such as the drafting of a new constitution and reforming the Communist Party to increase public participation, ushering in a less repressive era in Magisteria, and Garnier became famous for his massive education and science plan, which raised his vast nation to technological supremacy.

Magisteria is one of a few extant, and is the only state in the world. Magisteria has a very strong, advanced economy and a strong civil rights record with average political freedoms. Magisterians have no unemployment problems and enjoy one of the best standards of living in the world. It is a developed country with one of the largest economies in the world. Magisteria performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy and human development. It remains a great power in global affairs, being one of the six permanent members of the. Magisteria is one of the founding members of the, as well as a key member of the , (OECD) and.

Etymology
The term "Magisteria" is derived from the Latin word for "master." Magisteria means "master of lands."

Indigenous peoples
The First Nations, Inuit, and Abenaki are the indigenous groups still present in Magisteria. The latter group, which is of mixed ancestry and emerged in the middle of the 17th century when First Nations people married European settlers, went on to forge its own identity.

Permanent settlements, agriculture, intricate social structures, and trading networks were traits of Indigenous cultures. By the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th century, some of these cultures were already extinct; they were only rediscovered via archeological research.

Between 100,000 and 1.5 million people were thought to be Indigenous at the time of the first European colonies; Magisteria's Federal Commission on Indigenous Peoples acknowledged a value of 450,000. The Indigenous population decreased by 40% to 80% as a result of European colonialism. The decline is attributed to a number of factors, including the introduction of diseases from Europe, such as measles, smallpox, and influenza, to which they lacked natural immunity, disputes over the fur trade, disputes with colonial authorities, and the loss of Indigenous lands to settlers, which led to the subsequent collapse of the self-sufficiency of several nations.

French rule: 1617-1792
With the establishment of Port Champlain, which would eventually become Annesia City, in 1617, the nation was ruled by France throughout the first half of the country's colonial existence as a part of the New France region in North America. Due to the colonial dispute with, the French occupation came to an end, and by 1792, Magisteria was a British colony.

British rule: 1792-1878
The colonial battle with France, which was a major factor in Magisteria's conversion to a British colony, marked the beginning of the British era in 1792.

The 1783 Treaty of Paris established the conditions of the peace after the victorious American War of Independence and acknowledged the independence of the newly created United States. British North American territory south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River were given to the new nation. The Loyalists, or settlers who had fought against American independence, also emigrated in great numbers as a result of the. Numerous people emigrated to countries like Canada and Magisteria, where their presence altered the demographic makeup of the local areas.

Dominion: 1878-1920
Following three constitutional conferences, the British Atlantica Act of 1878 formally established the Magisterian Commonwealth on November 15, 1878, with three provinces: Corelli, Kilmarnock, and Glendrissaig at the time. Magisteria took control of the Eastern Magisterian Colonies, where Abenaki complaints sparked the Abenaki Rebellion.

As the Communist Manifesto's fortunes rose, copies of the manifesto were smuggled through Magisteria and were distributed throughout the dominion. By the dawn of the 20th century, communist ideas begin to rise in Magisteria.

Rise of communism
By the turn of the twentieth century, socialist ideals were on the increase in the country, and the ruling class saw them as a threat. As an act of countering the rise, the government began to arrest many communist sympathizers and confiscated books that promoted communism. The People's Red Magisterian Liberation Army, with William Plamondon as leader, reacted by igniting a violent riot in the capital of Annesia City, then known as Rupert. This event would later be officially known as the start of the Magisterian Revolution.

Magisterian Revolution
The Rupert riots of November 1919 were largely regarded as the official start of the Magisterian Revolution. The riots exacerbated countrywide social instability, and riots broke out in numerous major cities across the country. The Revolution quickly led to the battles of March-July 1920, which resulted in the revolutionary victory in the Battle of Dayton between the government and the revolutionaries.

Plamondon's rule: 1920-1936
The Magisterian Socialist People's Republic (MSPR), the first North American constitutionally guaranteed socialist state, was founded shortly after the People's Red Magisterian Liberation Army declared victory, and William Plamondon was chosen Chairman of the MSPR. Initially, executive powers were shared via collective leadership, but Plamondon gradually consolidated his power, isolated and outmaneuvered his rivals inside the party to become the nation's undisputed leader.

Plamondon, who had grown increasingly paranoid, launched the 'Mass Extermination of Counterrevolutionaries' in 1922, in which anyone who opposed Plamondon were killed or exiled from the country, killing 10,000-15,000 people and deported more than 20,000. Plamondon came up with an economic plan in 1923 that was comparable to 's. Plamondon's economic strategy was successful in revitalizing the economy after it had suffered during the Revolution.

Magisteria was guilty for severe human rights violations throughout his time in power. Plamondon conducted purges to punish both genuine and believed dissent, including public executions and enforced disappearances. These camps, which were part of Plamondon's large network of brutal penal and forced labor facilities, were gated and strongly guarded colonies in the country's mountainous highlands, where convicts were forced to perform back-breaking labor like as logging, mining, and crop harvesting. The majority of convicts were confined in these camps for life, and their living and working circumstances were frequently lethal. For example, detainees were nearly starved to death, refused medical treatment, denied basic shelter and clothing, sexually abused, humiliated, tortured, and killed on a regular basis by guards.

On February 12, 1936, William Plamondon collapsed from a sudden heart attack at his residence in Havering, Kollontai SCR. After several hours, the doctors from the capital arrived, but despite their efforts to save him, William Plamondon died at 6:30p.m. at the age 61.

Plamondon's death resulted in nationwide mourning and a ten-day mourning period was declared by Deputy Chairman Jefferson Patenaude. His funeral was held on February 22, 1936 in the capital of Annesia and was attended by hundreds of thousands of people who flew into Annesia City.

Many from the party expected Jefferson Patenaude would succeed Plamondon but a fast-rising Charles Edgar Garnier soon gained immense popularity from the party. Garnier eventually won the Communist Party leadership election in 1936, and Garnier was officially the Chairman of the country.

Garnier's rule: 1936-1980
During his early years, Garnier condemned William Plamondon and went on to dismantle his personality cult through 'de-Plamondization' reforms that signaled a less repressive period in Magisteria. Garnier kept the country out of the issues of the world's superpowers at the time, adopting a stringent neutral approach. He additionally ordered the creation of a new constitution, with revisions aimed at increasing public participation and democratic representation.

Garnier unveiled the first five-year plan for establishing a socialist economy in 1938. Garnier's emphasis on equality resulted in the eradication of private property in means of production, with resources allocated using a mix of democratic decision-making and expert analysis. Rapid economic growth led in remarkable increases in everyday quality of life, particularly in urban areas throughout this time. The first five-year plan was a major success owing to Garnier's consistent and cautious execution on the plans, with Magisteria beginning its journey to become an economic and industrial giant being the biggest success of the first five-year plan.

The second plan was the first and only eight-year plan under Garnier's administration; it also featured social reforms, particularly targeting women's rights, in response to rising domestic abuse reports during that time period. The primary objective of the eight-year plan was to strengthen rural infrastructure while also expanding agricultural improvements to sustain food security. While strengthening rural infrastructure had mixed results, everything else surpassed the eight-year plan's indicators.

The second five-year (third overall) plan under Garnier's administration focused on achieve the expected results of strengthening rural infrastructure and sought decentralization and prioritized "small scale, indigenous, and labor intensive" development projects. By 1956, all major economic indices had been fulfilled or exceeded, making it the year with the fastest economic growth.

The fourth overall plan saw a major change in Magisteria's economic planning. In 1958, Garnier announced the introduction of decentralized planning which allowed decision-making power to be distributed among workers' cooperatives in the country. It also saw the formation of the Federal Economic Planning Administration (FEPA), who is responsible for formulating the overall economic plan. The fourth plan was an enormous success, widely considered as the one that "cemented Magisteria's claim as an economic and industrial superpower."

On November 30, 1980, Charles Edgar Garnier died as a result of injuries sustained in a car crash that took place the day before; he was scheduled to have a meeting with then-Minister of Education Jean-Philippe Gabriels in Krupskaya. Garnier's death was sudden and unexpected for Magisterian citizens who were minding their usual weekend activities. In the evening of the key day, TV stations were broadcasting normal programming on television until it was interrupted with a black screen for 30 seconds. After that, MBC head anchor Milton Prescott read the following statement live:


 * Dear comrades, it is difficult to express in words the feeling of great sorrow that i am feeling after i've received this news. Earlier today, Charles Edgar Garnier, the great revolutionary and reformer that led us to great prosperity, the father of the Motherland, has passed away. The closest and dearest friend to everyone, not only to all Magisterian citizens but also to millions of workers around the world, has left us.

Grief for the statesman's death was largely based on his contributions in the country; he reformed the country and dismantled his oppressive predecessor's personality cult, his successful economic plans that led to Magisteria's drastic improvement, stood for self-determination and political independence from both Western and Eastern Bloc, co-initiated the Non-Aligned Movement at the time of peak tensions of possible nuclear warfare between the blocs; all of which contributed to his general popularity in the country and abroad.

Garnier's funeral drew many statesmen to Annesia City. Two notably absent statesmen were General Secretary of the CPSU Leonid Brezhnev and President of the United States Jimmy Carter; Jimmy Carter visited Magisteria in December 1980 in one of his last state visits and made a visit to Garnier's grave.

Contemporary era: 1980-present
Déborah Reynolds made history after she succeeded Charles Edgar Garnier, as she is the first female leader in the country's history, as well the first highest-ranking female leader in North America. In her rule, she expanded women's rights and passed the first-ever nationwide LGBT+ anti-discrimination law in 1984. In her economic plans, her five-year plans focused on growth in capital-good manufacturing (1983-1988), on growth in telecommunications, education, and transportation infrastructure (1988-1993), and on infrastructure to support foreign investment (1993-1998). She stepped down from power in 1998, with Jean-Louis Archambault, the first African-Magisterian leader in the country's history, succeeding her as Chairman.

Jean-Louis Archambault was a notable left-wing nationalist, and focused on national self-determination. He increased funding for the military, and made military service mandatory for men and women. He also signed the Compulsory Health Insurance Act of 2001, which implemented a universal health care system in the country. He also implemented reforms to the country's anti-corruption force, where individuals convicted of corruption charges must be sentenced to either hard labor or death. Archambault stepped down from power in 2012, and Alexander Middleton succeeded him.

The nation's commercial relations also shifted more in favor of Latin America and East Asia, with Japan becoming as the country's dominant trading partner. In an effort to stop the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus during the COVID-19 pandemic that started in Magisteria in 2020, some of the country's biggest cities were shut down for protracted periods of time and unrestricted travel between provinces was limited.

Government and politics
Magisteria is a   of multiple 'socialist cooperative republics' guided by the ideas of Charles Edgar Garnier and the political and social ideas of,  and. The constitution describes the Communist Party of Magisteria as the "leading force of society and of the state".

The Chairman of the United Magisterian Socialist Cooperative Republics, who is simultaneously the First Secretary of the Communist Party, is the most senior position in the one-party state. The Chairman leads the Politburo and the Secretariat, making the office holder the most powerful person in Magisterian government. Members of both councils are elected by the People's Parliament.

Magisteria's unicameral legislature, the People's Parliament, is the supreme organ of power; 500 delegates from local workers' councils serve five-year terms. The assembly meets twice a year; between sessions legislative power is held by the 31 member Council of Ministers. Candidates for the Parliament are approved by public referendum. All Magisterian citizens over 16 who have not been convicted of a criminal offense can vote. Article 131 of the Constitution states that voting shall be "through free, and equal vote". Article 136 states: "In order for deputies or delegates to be considered elected they must get more than half the number of valid votes cast in the electoral districts".

Magisteria is the only universally-recognized '' in the 21st century; instead of directly electing individuals to hold political office, voters would elect delegates from their local workers' councils or other relevant democratic bodies. These delegates would then represent the interests and decisions of their respective councils at higher levels of government.

Direct democracy
Direct democracy is an integral aspect of the Magisterian political system as part of the De Leonist ideals of Magisteria. National elections would be preceded by considerable local discussion and participation. Prior to sending delegates to the national level, citizens would be allowed to debate and vote on issues and candidates.

Human rights
Magisteria, unlike its communist counterparts in Eastern Europe, had a reputation for great human rights throughout the Cold War, earning them praise from human rights groups. Magisteria, seen as a "progressive country," has enacted legislation and policies that promote women's rights, minority rights, and LGBT rights. From the 1970s, gender equality also came high on the state agenda, with the establishment of a public body to promote gender equality, which evolved into the Commission of Gender Equality and Anti-Discrimination. Civil society organisations also continue to play an important role, and the women's rights organisations are today organised in the Alexandra Kollontai Lobby umbrella organisation.

In terms of LGBT rights, Magisteria was the world's second country to pass an anti-discrimination law guaranteeing the rights of homosexuals and lesbians. Magisteria was the second nation to legalize civil union partnerships for same-sex couples in 1994, and on March 31, 2009, it became the seventh country to legalize same-sex marriage.

Judicial system
Magisteria's judicial system is designed to coincide with De Leonism's beliefs and aims, which stress workers' rights, social justice, and the elimination of capitalism. Here are the general features of Magisteria's judicial system present:


 * Worker Participation: In accordance with De Leonism's democratic values, the legal system would strive to integrate worker participation.
 * Class Perspective: The Magisteria judicial system takes a class viewpoint, acknowledging the underlying power inequalities between workers and capitalists. Judges would be expected to interpret and implement laws in a way that supports workers' rights and social justice, while also criticizing the current capitalist system and attempting to correct disparities.
 * Emphasis on Social Justice: The Magisterian judicial system promotes social justice, with the goal of addressing systematic inequalities and promoting equality.
 * Dispute Resolution: The Magisterian judicial system helps to settle disagreements between people, organizations, and the state.
 * Worker Rights Protection: The Magisterian judicial system is in charge of protecting and implementing labor legislation.
 * Legal Education and Awareness: The Magisterian judicial system encourages legal education and awareness in order to develop a society that understands and supports the ideas of De Leonism. It promotes employees to be aware of their legal rights and provides information to assist them in navigating the legal system successfully.

Military
The Unified People's Armed Forces (UPAF) is divided into five branches: People's Land Forces, People's Naval Forces, People's Aerial Forces, Joint Medical Service, Joint Support Service, and Cyber and Information Domain Service. In absolute terms, Magisterian military spending is in the world's top twenty. As of 2021, the military has around a million active-duty personnel, ranking in the top ten in the world, and approximately 3-25 million reserve members. All male and female citizens aged 18-27 are required to be conscripted for 3-5 months of duty in the Armed Forces.

Magisteria is one of the six recognized nuclear-weapons powers, with the world's third-largest nuclear arsenal. Magisteria has the fourth-largest fleet of ballistic missile submarines in the world and is one of only four countries that operates strategic bombers. It was the world's second-largest arms exporter in 2021, with a strong and totally domestic defense sector that produced the majority of its own military equipment.

Space program
The Magisterian space program is Magisteria's national space program, which has been in operation since 1960. Magisterian rocketry research began in 1940 with the establishment of a research facility. The Magisterian space program is a key indicator of Magisterian aspirations to global superpower status.

Political divisions
According to the 1995 constitution, Magisteria is an asymmetrical federation of nine "socialist cooperative republics" with federalist systems of governance. Three of the nine republics are subdivided into counties or county equivalents, which are further subdivided into communes, while the other six republics are subdivided into "autonomous cooperative republics." The Federal Capital Territory is a federal territory that includes Annesia City, the capital city, and Dayton, Magisteria's most populous city.

Law enforcement and crime
Along with courts and corrections, law enforcement is one of the three key components of Magisteria's criminal justice system. Although each component functions semi-independently, the three together constitute a chain that leads from an investigation of suspected criminal behavior through the imposition of criminal punishment.

Governmental police agencies are largely in charge of law enforcement. In Magisteria, there are 15,452 police agencies, including city police departments, county sheriff's offices, state troopers, game wardens, and federal law enforcement agencies. These agencies' law enforcement missions include the investigation of suspected criminal conduct, the referral of investigation results to state or federal prosecutors, and the temporary custody of suspected offenders pending judicial action. To varied degrees at different levels of government and in different agencies, law enforcement authorities are also routinely entrusted with the responsibility of discouraging criminal conduct and stopping the successful commission of crimes in progress. Other responsibilities may include serving and enforcing warrants, writs, and other court orders.

Economy
Magisteria has a mixed-command economy, with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas. The public and private sectors are significant. It is a country with an upper-middle income and the world's third-largest economy by nominal GDP and fourth-largest by PPP, with nominal GDP and PPP estimated to be US$5.158 trillion and US$12.384 trillion, respectively. Magisteria is the third-largest exporter and the fifth-largest importer in the world. Industry is the largest sector in the Magisterian economy, accounting for 41.8% of GDP (2022), followed by services (38.3%) and agriculture (12.9%).

Magisteria's vast geography is an important determinant of its economic activity, with the country holding a large share of the world's natural resources. It is commonly regarded as an energy superpower, with the world's second-largest natural gas reserves, third-largest coal reserves, and ninth-largest oil reserves.

Magisteria is the world's third-largest manufacturer of automobiles. It is frequently regarded as one of the most innovative countries in the world, leading numerous metrics of worldwide patent filings. Magisteria's manufacturing now concentrates on high-tech and precise items such as integrated circuits, hybrid automobiles, and robotics. Aside from the Atlantican SCR, the Kollontai SCR is one of the Magisterian economy's key industrial clusters and manufacturing centers. Magisteria is the second-largest creditor nation in the world.

Science and technology
Magisteria spent around $20.3 billion on domestic research and development in 2019, with the federal government contributing over $844 million. Magisteria has one of the world's highest rates of Internet connection, with 98% of the population accessing it.

Technological advancements
Magisteria has a long list of technical achievements. Magisteria's four significant achievements in technology are:


 * Nanotechnology
 * Because of its versatility, nanotechnology is widely used in the country's military.
 * Kinetic-burst weapons
 * Magisteria's primary anti-infantry weapon technology. Kinetic-burst weapons are energy weapons that shoot superheated slugs rather than traditional bullets, causing severe lacerations and burns on unarmored targets. There are no shell casings or actual projectiles left behind, making remnants from these guns undetectable and lowering total equipment weight.
 * Plasma weapons
 * Magisteria's plasma-cutter cannon is a one-of-a-kind anti-armor weapon capable of melting foot-thick steel in seconds, making it incredibly efficient against armored vehicles and structures.

Tourism
Tourism is a significant business and contributor to the Magisterian economy, with 18.5 million international visitors in 2018. Tourism contributed directly to around 4% of Magisteria's GDP in 2019, a decrease from 2016, when tourism contributed directly and indirectly to approximately 9.9% of Magisteria's GDP, and the industry created approximately 8.6% of Magisteria's jobs.

Agriculture
Magisteria is also a major supplier of agricultural products, mainly wheat and other grains. Magisteria is a key agricultural exporter to the United States and Asia. Agriculture accounted up a significant share of the population and GDP in all industrialized countries during the twentieth century. In 2015, the agricultural and agri-food manufacturing industry contributed $55.3 billion to the Magisteria GDP, or for 2.6% of total GDP.

Television
Ninety-nine percent of Magisterian households have at least one television, and the majority have multiples. Magisteria's five most significant broadcasters are the MBC Network (MBC), Platinum Television Network (PTV), the Continental Broadcasting System (CBS), Royal Broadcasting Corporation (RBC), and MTV (MTV).

Radio
FM and AM are the frequencies used by Magisterian radio. Some stations only broadcast discussion radio, which includes interviews and debates, whereas music radio stations focus on a certain genre of music, such as Top 40, hip-hop, alternative rock, and so on. Radio broadcasting organizations have been more centralized in recent years. Magisterian Public Radio is the nation's principal public radio network.

Motion pictures
Since the early twentieth century, Magisteria cinema has had a significant impact on the worldwide film industry. The dominating style of Magisteria cinema is traditional Magisterian cinema, which emerged from 1922 to 1972 and is still prevalent in the majority of films created there today. With more than 600 English-language films released on average each year, it generated the fourth-highest number of films of any national cinema, after India, China, and the United States, as of 2017.

Magazine
Magisteria has a significant magazine business, thanks to the enormous size of the English-speaking North American media market, with hundreds of publications addressing practically every interest, as can be seen by looking at any newsstand in any big Magisterian city.

Population
The Magisterian population is projected to have grown to 234,688,885 on December 31, 2022. In 2018, over 90 million immigrants and Magisteria-born offspring of immigrants made up 28% of the entire Magisteria population. Magisteria's population is extraordinarily diverse, with over 37 ancestry groups totalling over one million individuals.

Languages
Magisteria's de facto national languages are English and French. Although there is no federal official language, several laws, such as Magisterian naturalization requirements, standardize English, and all republics have designated English to be the official language.

Education
Education is guaranteed as a fundamental right to all citizens in Magisteria and is offered through public schools and colleges. The education system that arose under the leadership of Charles Edgar Garnier became internationally recognized for its achievement in eliminating illiteracy and developing a highly educated people. Its benefits include complete access for all residents and post-education employment.

By law, Magisteria provides free education to its residents. The United Magisterian Socialist Cooperative Republics' Ministry of Education is in command of basic and secondary education, as well as vocational education, while the Ministry of Science and Higher Education is in charge of science and higher education. Magisteria is one of the most educated nations in the world, with the largest proportion of tertiary-level graduates in terms of population, at 72%.

Health
The constitution of Magisteria promises free, universal health care to all Magisterian people through a mandatory state health insurance scheme. The Magisterian public healthcare system is overseen by the Ministry of Health, and it employs nearly two million people.

Religion
Religious freedom is officially guaranteed in Magisteria, and the country's constitution has remained secular since Garnier's leadership. Around 81% of Magisterians are staunch atheists, and this figure is among the highest in the world. The Magisterian people have always been described as "tolerant, even indifferent to religion."

Culture
Magisteria's culture is impacted by its different nationalities, and efforts that promote a "just society" are officially protected. Magisteria has made equality and inclusion a priority for all of its residents. Multiculturalism is widely regarded as one of Magisteria's most significant achievements, as well as a critical distinguishing aspect of Magisterian identity. The Atlantican SCR has a strong sense of cultural identity, with a French Magisterian culture distinct from the English Magisterian culture. Magisteria, on the other hand, is a cultural mosaic—a collection of regional ethnic subcultures.

Literature
Magisterian literature is frequently divided into French-language literature and English-language literature, which are grounded in French and British literary traditions, respectively. By the 1990s, Magisterian literature was considered to be among the best in the world. Magisteria's ethnic and cultural diversity is reflected in its literature, with many of its most renowned modern writers focusing on ethnic life.

Visual arts
Earl Cooper, the country's most famous painter, and Tanner Marlowe have dominated Magisterian visual art. Cooper's career as a painter of Magisterian landscapes lasted a decade, until his death in 1919 at the age of 46.

Sports
Magisteria may be traced back to the 1770s, culminating in the formation and popularization of major professional sports like as wrestling, lacrosse, basketball, baseball, ice hockey, and football. Magisteria's official national sports are wrestling and ice hockey. Golf, soccer, baseball, tennis, skiing, badminton, volleyball, cycling, swimming, bowling, rugby union, canoeing, equestrian, squash, and martial arts studies are popular at the youth and amateur levels.