RKO Network

RKO Network Inc., also known as the RKO Network and simply RKO, is an American commercial broadcast television network owned by the RKO Networks Group division of RKO Media. The network is headquartered in (at RKO Square New York), with additional production facilities in  (at RKO Square Los Angeles).

Origins
Throughout the mid-20th century, Radio-Keith-Orpheum sought to launch its own television network to compete with the and  networks, a fight which itself was part of a larger competition with, , and. However, the company struggled to enter the television broadcasting industry due to its ownership constantly shuffling and frequent financial issues.

Both DuMont and Paramount were shut down in 1956, Despite the problems Radio-Keith-Orpheum had at the time, it saw the situation as advantageous. Robert F. Parker, the chairman of the company at the time, immediately began planning to launch a television network. However, plans were delayed when Radio-Keith-Orpheum was split into RCA-Scripps and RKO Enterprises, followed by the sudden death of CEO Francis Jergens.

Preparing for the oncoming network launch, RKO Enterprises launched WRKO-TV in, on January 6, 1957; it was followed not long after by the April 29, 1957 launch of KRKO-TV in ,.

1958–1966: Launch and early years
The network itself was launched on August 28, 1958, just in time for the 1958–59 television season. Its first telecast was at 8:00 pm EDT, which was a live broadcast of then-chairman of RKO Enterprises Roger F. Larson in RKO's New York studios inaugurating the network. In his 1994 book Radio-Screen-Program: The Story of the RKO Network, Larson describes the only network-wide programming as "idents, promos showing what was to come, and some more of those idents".

In its early years, RKO was an innovative and creative network. It broadcast programs across numerous genres, many of which were produced by RKO Television Productions (now RKO Pictures Television). The network also pioneered in television shows aimed at minority audiences and featuring minority performers, which was very uncommon at the time. Among these programs were The Janice Howard Show, a talk show starring African American actress Janice Howard; The Stevie & Tommy Hour, a variety show hosted by Native American comedic duo Stephen "Stevie" Whitcombe and Thomas "Tommy" Fasthorse; and Eddie and Carlos, a sitcom starring Cuban American actor/comedian Luis Diego Gomez and Mexican-American actor Javier Derbez. In addition, it broadcast the TV version of The Tumblers' sketch comedy show.

As of June 1966, the network already had 143 stations nationwide, ten of which were owned-and-operated. RKO Enterprises ultimately saw it as profitable, which led to RCA-Scripps wanting its own broadcast television network. RKO Enterprises and RCA-Scripps were reportedly in talks about merging the RKO Network with RCA-Scripps' network, but in the end, nothing came out of their discussions.

1966–1982: Rising viewership, differentiation in programming
The 1966–67 television season saw RKO experience an unexpected rise in viewership, possibly due to seven new stations joining the network. Another cited reason is the premiere of the popular sci-fi comedy series Aliens Abroad, which many sources call one of RKO's best series of all time. Now considered a "classic", it ran for six seasons until 1972, which at the time was considered long for an RKO show. This season also saw the premiere of the popular sitcom The Morgan Hewitt Show, starring actor and comedian Morgan Hewitt.

The late 1960s and early 1970s saw an even greater expansion of its audience, caused in part by long runners such as Aliens Abroad, Southern Country (1969–1978), One Family (1969–present), The Peter Quimby Show (1970–1980), and MacArthur (1973–1983). On September 22, 1968, George Beckingham became the anchor of RKO National News, continuing his run as one of the most popular and trusted news anchors in the United States throughout his tenure.

In 1970, Thomas Theodore, the President of the RKO Network since 1966, left the network; his position was left to former Vice President Kevin Levitz. According to his autobiography The Story of Me, Kevin Levitz, he sought to diversify the RKO lineup for the 1970–71 season, specifically by adding game shows, soap operas, and more variety shows. That season, RKO began airing The Five Grand Quiz, a game show; Family and Friends, a long-running daytime soap opera; and Laughs and Music, a variety show that was canceled after two seasons.

During the "Levitz era" of the early to mid-1970s, some RKO stations in mini-major markets did away the network and became independent stations. RKO attempted to bring them back by airing during the 1975–76 season, prompting many remaining stations to "reshuffle" their schedules to air more news programming late at night. Overall, it created a corporate disaster that brought the entire network's ratings down and resulted in more stations leaving the network. Levitz "left the network in shame" in August 1976, and was replaced by John S. McLean.

McLean significantly changed the network's stations' program schedule to primarily locally produced content in the morning and early evening. He was also responsible for choosing the network's new slogan, "The One to Watch", for the 1976–77 TV season. The campaign would also be used for the 1977–78, 1978–79, 1979–80, and 1980–81 seasons. The 1981–82 season saw the slogan change to the "The One for You". Ratings success continued on for the next few years, including shows such as Beginnings (1979–present).

1982–1992: "The '80s Network" and subsequent reparations
In September 1982, ahead of the 1982–83 season, RKO received a major rebrand. It was given the nickname "The '80s Network", and the idents and promos were all "modernized" for the 1980s, using music and neon graphics. During this period, President John S. McLean canceled many popular shows on the network—most notably the sitcoms Roberta (1977–1982) and The Nicolsons (1979-1982), the sci-fi action series Battleship (1979–1983), and the fantasy drama Cinderella (1980–1984)—were canceled for not being "cool" or "fresh" enough for the 1980s. (Cinderella would later be renewed for a fifth and final season in, and The Nicolsons would be picked up by and run for four more seasons there.) RKO was extensively criticized for these changes, as they were often cited as misguided attempts at remaining "relevant". Individual shows, along with the idents and promos, were also criticized for their loud music and gaudy graphics. The situation became so severe that John S. McLean received death threats commanding him to revert the network to its previous state.

The 1982–83 season saw ratings decrease significantly, in part due to trendy new shows that were "made for the '80s" pushing attention away from RKO and toward other networks. At this point, the network's structure was further divided, with media proprietor Lester MacGregor becoming the president of the entertainment division. Most of the network's programming was sitcoms at this point due to all the cancellations, but MacGregor sought to fix this issue by picking up more dramas, talk shows, and variety shows.

MacGregor did not believe in the idea of cancelling shows the moment ratings dropped; rather, he believed moving shows' time slots could improve viewership. For example, the first season of the medical drama series Dr. Stark aired Mondays at 10:00 p.m., and suffered from low ratings. However, the second season was broadcast Tuesdays at 9:00 p.m., where ratings skyrocketed; the show itself received critical acclaim afterward. For the upcoming 1986–87 season, MacGregor also wanted those trendy "modern" shows cancelled; Harvey & Eddie, one of the few McLean-era shows to be a total success, survived this culling and ran until 1995. Instead, the network saw the fall premieres of two popular shows: the science fiction series Earth Force One and the Saturday night talk show The Winston Grayson Show. This success continued into the late 1980s and early 1990s with Bernadette (1988–1997), First Class (1988–1996), Legalese (1990–1997), Locally Grown (1988–1995), The Pearsons (1991–1999), Vicente (1987–1991), and the daytime soap opera All Day (1990–present). In 1988, RKO Network began broadcasting the annual Golden Note Awards show.

1992–2005: The Barbeau era
In 1992, MacGregor left the RKO Network as the result of longtime disputes between him and chairman Alvin Kohler, who died later that year. MacGregor was succeeded by Damien Barbeau. Kohler's position was later taken by Robert Gayle III. Barbeau maintained his position for a record-breaking 13 years, leaving the network in 2005.

The MacGregor-era hits were reaching the ends of their runs, which made Barbeau extremely nervous. However, not long before he left, MacGregor ordered a 22-episode first season of a sitcom called Fukunaga starring comedian George Fukunaga. Barbeau initially feared that the show would be unsuccessful because its serialized storytelling and all-Asian main cast would turn viewers away. Fukunaga mistakenly accused Barbeau of racism, but Barbeau then clarified that he was accepting of such a show and "the viewers are the problem". However, the series' September 1992 premiere was extremely successful; the show was among RKO's ten most-watched series during its second through eighth seasons from 1993 to 2000, with the eighth season being RKO's highest-rated scripted series during the 1999–2000 network television season.

The dark fantasy drama Nightfall, which premiered in September 1996, was one of the network's most-watched drama series and helped inspire future vampire and werewolf fiction. The network saw further ratings success with the September 1997 premiere of the science fiction drama Enigma Beach, which emerged as one of the most-watched shows in the network's history. The pilot episode alone garnered 28.9 million viewers, and "Conclusion", the series finale, had an audience of 38.6 million viewers. Brandi, a Harvey & Eddie spin-off focusing on Harvey Stephens' youngest sister Brandi, also premiered in September 1997 and became one of the network's most successful sitcoms in that era. The anthology crime drama Lawbreakers also reached tens of millions of viewers per episode—the highest-rated episode, "Best Served Cold", hit 21.4 million viewers in its original broadcast—but saw a sharp decline in viewership after its first six seasons. September 1998 saw the debuts of the sitcoms Shake, Rattle & Roll, an adaptation of the British sitcom Goodnight Sweetheart; and Helena, a sitcom starring comedian Helena Stevens and taking place on the set of a fictional North Carolina morning television show, to ratings success, with the former running for eight seasons and the latter becoming the network's highest-rated sitcom by the end of its run. In September 1999, RKO premiered the sitcom South of Something. A vehicle for teen idol Rebecca Summerhayes, it became successful in the ratings and ran until 2005.

Unfortunately for RKO, the end of the 1990s also brought about quite a few blunders. For example, the sitcom Marcella—despite being heavily promoted in the weeks leading up to its January 1997 premiere—was cancelled after one 13-episode season due to "anomalously low" ratings. Medical drama The Docs and science fiction drama Superhuman, both of which premiered in September 1997, received full-length first seasons but were cancelled thereafter; the former drew in low ratings and the latter was too expensive to continue being produced. The sitcom Antonio's, which premiered in October 1998, garnered fluctuating viewership and caused controversy for its stereotypical portrayal of Italian Americans. It was cancelled after only 11 episodes aired, leaving two of its 13 produced episodes unaired. The action series Showdown was the least watched show among the Big Five networks—NBC, CBS, ABC,, and RKO—during the evening of its January 1999 premiere, was panned by critics, and has been labeled one of the worst TV series of the 1990s. It only ran for 13 of its 18 produced episodes, and the episodes themselves were broadcast completely out of order.

Even outside of programming, the network was having problems. In May 1998, controversially acquired a 75% stake in RKO Media, the network's parent and a successor to RKO Enterprises, from longtime RKO higher-ups and shareholders Giorgos Spanos and Spiros Manousakis, which led to constant leadership shakeups and company leaders taking roles unannounced. In December of that year, RKO "forcefully" acquired the Spanish-language television network LSN for $1.6 billion. The acquisition by Microsoft was followed by constant layoffs and "subsequent absolute chaos". In order to prevent further internal chaos, drastic behind-the-scenes changes at RKO Media were set to take place in order to cool down tensions. RKO Holdings ended up buying Microsoft's stake by the end of September 2001, reuniting RKO General's former media and hospitality assets.

Following the RKO Holdings takeover, things began to improve for the RKO Network. In September 2000, RKO's children's programming block rebranded as RKO KidShow after became co-programmer with RKO, reusing the name of CBS' former KidShow block. The name has stayed throughout a period of co-programming with from September 2003 to August 2008 and RKO taking over full programming duties starting in September 2008. A new slate of programming was announced for the 2001-02 season, including Order!, a sitcom taking place on the set of a fictional arbitration-based reality court show; and Moonshadow, a Nightfall spinoff. Midway through the 2002-03 season, RKO picked up a Canadian series named  as a mid-season replacement. Although censored to meet a TV-14-DLSV rating, it proved to be an unexpected success for the network, often being considered a "favorite" series for their Friday night comedy block, and also began airing uncensored on sister cable channel RKOx.

For the 2004-05 season, RKO premiered a new sitcom, Judith Lyons' Hometown Heroes. Created and produced by Judith Lyons and made at her studio, it became an immediate success, becoming the second-highest rated show in RKO's Friday night sitcom block, and ran until 2012. Around this time, the network also began broadcasting prime time coverage of games, which helped boost the popularity of their RKO Sports division and boosted the network's overall primetime ratings.

Also in September 2004, RKO debuted Fridays, a reboot of, as part of their Friday night schedule, airing after the sitcom block. The series proved to be popular from the get-go, and has remained a staple of the network's Friday night schedule since.

2005–2007: Barbeau moves up, Pound takes over
After his success full, nearly decade-and-a-half long tenure as President, in June 2005, Damien Barbeau was promoted to Chairman, while Robert Gayle III became the Executive Chairman. Around this time, Charlene Desmond took over RKO News. Angela Pound became RKO's first female President of Entertainment. Pound served her role for a fairly short period from June 2005 to November 2007.

Gayle has stated that "nothing good happened" during the roughly two and a half years of the "Pound era", while then-RKO Media President John Beauchemin referred to Pound's tenure as network president as "a big blunder," saying that "while she was a great businesswoman, she had no idea how to run a TV network." Barbeau himself called Pound's tenure as President of Entertainment "the most massive facepalm moment in the history of the RKO Network".

She was often called a "power abuser" for changing the prime time schedule at random moments for no reason and "filling the network's schedule with sitcoms". Even though Friday had been the "sitcom night" for RKO since the 1970s, she decided that there should be sitcoms on Saturday nights as well, which actually interfered with RKO Sports coverage (in turn, episode premieres on the Saturday night block often had to be rescheduled due to sports coverage). Fall 2005 saw the premieres of two Saturday sitcoms in the 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time hour. The first show, Michelle, received decent ratings and generally favorable reviews from critics, and ran for five seasons. The second one, The Boys & I, was a critical and commercial blunder and was cancelled after one season, half of which didn't air as planned on the network due to sports pre-emptions. Additionally, Pound would "pointlessly" change Michelle's time slot for the 2005–06, 2006–07, and 2007–08 seasons. Pound also frequently changed the timeslots within the Friday night sitcom block, especially that of Trailer Park Boys, which caused complaints from fans of the series.

In spite of the Pound era's failures, quite a few series were successful. Judith Lyons' Sweethearts debuted in the 2006-07 season to replace the departing Shake, Rattle & Roll and was a major success, running for six seasons. Couples Counseling, starring Greg Tewksbury, debuted in the 2007-08 season and also ran for six seasons. Finally, the -produced Don't Bug Me!, which replaced The Boys & I in the Saturday block of sitcoms, moved to the Friday night block and ultimately ran for four seasons, with a revival season ordered for the RKO Universe streaming service in 2023. In addition, the Saturday sitcom hour would be expanded to two hours in the early 2010s.

Pound left the network at the start of the, after which the media accused her of "chickening out". Pound claim she left RKO to "pursue other interests", and later began working for RKO Holdings subsidiary Valentine Corporation. Desmond continued running RKO News until 2016.

2007–2010: The Nickel era
After Angela Pound left the network, many changes had to be made to correct the mistakes of the "Pound era". This went on alongside many changes within the RKO Media division. Pound's position was overtaken by Canadian-born businessman Gregory Nickel.

After Trailer Park Boys concluded its RKO run in February 2008, the network looked for a replacement for the series with similar themes and a similar style of humor. After an initial plan to move It Ain't Easy from RKOx to the main RKO Network was turned down by the series' creators, RKO picked up Our Hometown, created by and starring comedian Ted Rasmussen, from and  under an initial 10/90 deal and premiered the series in September 2009. The series struggled to gain acceptance at first, but gradually came into its own by its second season and proved to be a popular series for the Friday night sitcom block, lasting eight seasons.

2010–2015: Switching up management
Gayle died on September 4, 2010, and his position was taken by Nickel. While Desmond continued running RKO News, Josephine Muir took over the RKO Network's entertainment. Marjorie DiMarco became the interim chairman of RKO Sports Group and was then replaced by Gabriel Goldberg.

By the 2010-11 season, RKO had mostly recovered from the Pound era's failures. It saw the successful premieres of the singing competition series Music Match and the crime thriller Letter Z, as well as the science fiction television film The Very End of Time. Before the start of the season, RKO Sports moved its production facilities from to  and unveiled a new line of weekend programming, including programs previously aired by RKOx. Despite the move, programs continued to be produced at RKO Studios East, itself located at RKO Square New York in New York City.