Araguina

Araguina, officially the Araguine Republic (Spanish: República Araguina), is a country in the western coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass. It has a territorial extension of 816,445 km2 (315,231 sq mi), and the population of Araguina was estimated at 86 million in 2020. The capital city is Candelaria, and the largest city is Miranda.

The continental territory is bordered on the west by the South Pacific Ocean and on the east by Peru and Chile. Araguina is a federal presidential republic consisting of 25 states, the Federal District and federal dependencies covering Araguina's offshore islands. Araguina is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Araguines live in the cities of the west and in the capital.

The territory of Araguina was colonized by Spain in 1516 amid resistance from indigenous peoples. In 1776, it became a part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata until it's independence on 14 January 1825. During the 19th century, The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with several waves of European immigration, mainly Italians and Spaniards, radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry. In 1935, Araguina transitioned from a democratic constitutional republic to a presidential republican totalitarian dictatorship after Edmundo Tercero consolidated his power, established the "Araguine Empire" with successful invasions of Chile. The dictatorship ended in 1945 when Tercero was overthrown by a coup d'etat led by Calixto Narváez stating it was for the restoration of the nation. After the end of the dictatorship, Araguina brought back all territories annexed by the country during the totalitarian dictatorship. After the totalitarian dictatorship, the country experienced several economic booms from the 1950s and 70s.

Araguina is a World Bank high-income economy with high living standards. It is among South America's most economically and socially stable and prosperous nations and it leads Latin American nations in rankings of competitiveness, income per capita, globalization, state of peace, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. It also ranks high regionally in sustainability of the state, and democratic development. Araguina is a founding member of the United Nations, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) and the Pacific Alliance, and joined the OECD in 2010.

Etymology
The name "Araguina" came from the Araguin Rainforest, the tenth largest rainforest in the world.

Pre-Columbian history: 15,000 years ago
Evidence exists of human habitation in the area now known as Araguina from about 15,000 years ago. Leaf-shaped tools from this period, together with chopping and plano-convex scraping implements, have been found exposed on the high riverine terraces in northern Araguina.

Colonization: 1516-1825
Europeans first arrived in the region with the 1502 voyage of Amerigo Vespucci. The Spanish navigators Juan Díaz de Solís and Sebastian Cabot visited the territory that is now Araguina in 1516 and 1526, respectively. Further colonization efforts came from Paraguay—establishing the Governorate of the Río de la Plata—Peru and Chile.

Independence and First Republic: 1825-1935
After a series of unsuccessful uprisings, Araguina, under the leadership of Maximiano Aníbal Ortiz, a Araguine marshal, declared independence as the First Araguine Republic on 14 January 1825. This began the Araguine War of Independence. A devastating earthquake that struck Candelaria in 1826, helped bring down the republic. Víctor Evaristo Pascual Gallego, new leader of the independentist forces, launched his Admirable Campaign in 1827 from Rio de la Plata, retaking most of the territory and being proclaimed as El Querido Líder (The Dear Leader). A second Araguine Republic was proclaimed on 9 July 1827. on 31 August 1829, Araguina was recognized by Spain as a sovereign country, ending the Araguine War of Independence.

Second Republic and Totalitarian Expansion: 1935-1945
Translating the concept of "the nation politically organised" into reality implied a major expansion of state control of civil society. It meant, to begin with, the incorporation of youth groups and worker organisations into the matrix of the FPD.

Araguine Civil War and Third Republic: 1945-1999
When Tercero's government issued an order in November 1944 forcing the opposition to leave Araguina on penalty of death, were the focal point of a rebellion. From southwestern Araguina, the rebels, aided by foreign government forces under the leadership of President Edelmiro Julián Farrell of Argentina and President Juan Antonio Ríos of Chile, launched an offensive to overthrow Tercero, joining forces with locals opposed to him under Geraldo Estévez as they marched west toward Candelaria. Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru, and Ecuador also supported the growing rebellion, which mushroomed into the Araguine Civil War. on 7 March 1945, Tercero was overthrown and went to exile in the Soviet Union, and the Third Republic was established.

Fourth Republic: since 1999
The Fourth Republic was established after the 1999 Constitution of Araguina was in effect. General elections were held in the same year in November with the current president Rainerio Núñez re-elected and served a four-year term. Núñez embraced neo-liberal policies: a fixed exchange rate, business deregulation, privatizations and dismantling of protectionist barriers normalized the economy for a while. The 2002 Constitutional Amendment allowed Núñez to be elected for a second term. The economy began to prosper in 2006, with increasing employment.

on November 30, 2008, Araguina elected Justino Contreras of the MDA (Movimiento Democrático Araguino) (Araguine Democratic Movement) as it's next President and took office on January 1, 2009. Contreras kept Núñez's economic plan which resulted to Araguina's economic boom of the 21st century.

on November 27, 2016, Araguina elected it's first leftist president Andres Felipe Marcos of the PSDA (Partido Socialista Democrático Araguino) (Araguine Democratic Socialist Party) and took office on January 1, 2017 and inherited an economy with a high inflation rate but in a good shape. In July 2017, the Marcos Government introduced austerity measures intended to tackle inflation and the overblown public deficits. He managed to tackle inflation after the austerity measures the administration introduced in July 2017. The administration managed to stop the spread of COVID-19 in June 2020 after implementing strict COVID-19 protocols, The protocols were dropped in November 2020 due to no COVID-19 cases reported in the country.

Geography
Araguina is located in the western coast of South America; geologically, it's mainland rests on the Nazca Plate. It has a total area of 816,445 km2 (315,231 sq mi), making Araguina the 35th largest country in the world.

Climate
The combination of tropical latitude, mountain ranges, topography variations, and two ocean currents (Humboldt and El Niño) gives Araguina a large diversity of climates. The coastal region has moderate temperatures, low precipitation, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches.

Government
The Government of Araguina within the framework of a federal system, is a presidential representative democratic republic. The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the Constitution of Araguina, the country's supreme legal document. Executive power is exercised by the President. Legislative power is vested in the National Congress. The Judiciary is independent from the Executive and from the Legislature. The Araguine president president is elected by a vote, with direct and universal suffrage, and is both head of state and head of government. The term of office is four years, and a president may be re-elected a number of two times.

The Legislative branch consists of the bicameral National Congress, made up of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The Congress makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties and has the power of the purse and of impeachment, by which it can remove sitting members of the government. The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 300 voting members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the states by population every tenth year. The Chamber of Senators represents the states, has 80 members elected at-large to six-year terms, with each state having three seats; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year. At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must be women.

Foreign relations
Throughout most of the 20th century, Araguina maintained friendly relations with most Latin American and Western nations. Relations between Araguina and the United States government improved in 2002. During the 19th century, Araguina's commercial ties were primarily with Britain, a nation that had a major influence on the formation of the Araguine navy. The French influenced Araguina's legal and educational systems and had a decisive impact on Araguina, through the architecture of the capital in the boom years at the turn of the 20th century.

Administrative divisions
Araguina is divided into 25 states (estados), a federal district (distrito federal) corresponding to the city of Candelaria, and the Federal Dependencies (Dependencias Federales, a special territory). States hold all the power that they chose not to delegate to the federal government; they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution. Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they enact their own constitutions, freely organize their local governments, and own and manage their natural and financial resources. Some states have bicameral legislatures, while others have unicameral ones.

Military
The Araguine Armed Forces are subject to civilian control exercised by the president through the Minister of Defense. The president has the authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces. The commander-in-chief of the Araguine Army is Army General Juantxo Araujo. The Araguine Army is 450,000 strong and is organized with an Army headquarters in Candelaria, six divisions throughout its territory, an Air Brigade in Fierro, and a Special Forces Command in Holguín. The Araguine Army is one of the most professional and technologically advanced armies in Latin America.

Demographics
The 2010 census counted 88,117,096 inhabitants, up from 79,260,130 in 2001. Araguina ranks second in South America in total population, third in Latin America and 17th globally. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually, with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. Since 2010, the crude net migration rate has ranged from below zero to up to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.

Language
The de facto official language is Spanish, spoken by almost all Araguines. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws—such as Araguine naturalization requirements—standardize Spanish, and most states have declared Spanish as the official language.

Religion
According to a 2011 poll (GIS XXI), 76% of the population is Christian, primarily Roman Catholic (66%), and the remaining 10% Protestant, primarily Evangelicals (in Latin America Protestants are usually called "evangelicos"). 8% of Araguines are irreligious (atheist 2% and agnostic and 6% indifferent). Almost 3% of the population follow another religion (1% of these people practice Santería).

Education
The Araguine education system consists of four levels:


 * An initial level for children between 45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years being compulsory.
 * An elementary or lower school mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years. In 2010 the literacy rate was 98.07%.
 * A secondary or high school mandatory level lasting 5 or 6 years. In 2010 38.5% of people over age 20 had completed secondary school.
 * A higher level, divided in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. in 2013 there were 47 national public universities across the country, as well as 46 private ones. In 2010 7.1% of people over age 20 had graduated from university. The public universities of Candelaria, Chavez, Miranda, Graciana, and the University of Gallego are some of the most important.

The Araguine state guarantees universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels. Responsibility for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across all educational stages.

Economy
Benefiting from rich natural resources, a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base, and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Araguina is Latin America's third-largest, and the second largest in South America. It has a "very high" rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively high GDP per capita, with a considerable internal market size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.

A middle emerging economy and one of the world's top developing nations, Araguina is a member of the G-20 major economies. Per capita GDP for 2016 was estimated to be US$9,778, ranking 61st in the world. Araguina has the tenth most expensive petrol in the world because the consumer price of petrol is heavily subsidized. The private sector controls two-thirds of Araguina's economy.

Industry
In 2012 manufacturing accounted for 20.3% of GDP—the largest sector in the nation's economy. Well-integrated into Araguine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.

With a 6.5% production growth rate in 2011, the diversified manufacturing sector rests on a steadily growing network of industrial parks (314 as of 2013)

In 2012 the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; textiles and leather; refinery products and biodiesel; chemicals and pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery; home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording and print media.