Dream Fiction Wiki:Manual of Style/Pronunciation

Pronunciation in the Dream Fiction Wiki should be transcribed using the (IPA), except in the particular cases noted below.

For English pronunciations, should be used; these are intended to provide a correct interpretation regardless of the reader's accent. The system for doing this is outlined at, and the first instance should include a link to that page; for example: England. This should be done using the template IPAc-en. The, using the respell template, can be used in addition to the IPA.

Phonetic transcriptions are not always the best way to render pronunciation. For brand names which are intended to be respellings of an existing word, it is better to provide that word than a phonetic transcription. Similarly, s are better spelled out than transcribed. In both situations this will generally be unambiguous, and accessible to more of our readers.

For foreign-language pronunciations, a phonetic transcription is normally used, with a link to Help:IPA or to various language-specific IPA keys. If phonemic transcriptions are used, these require a link to a description of the phonology of the language in question, as otherwise the symbols used may be ambiguous.

Other options are to link to the corresponding entry in Fictionary, or to include an audio file together with the transcription. Consider that neither nor Dream Fiction Wiki are dictionaries when thinking of adding a pronunciation to an article; also, if the pronunciation is included in the main article, it is best not to repeat it in various sub-articles. Besides the clutter, subsequent edits may result in contradictory pronunciations.

See also:
 * Help:IPA—a non-technical introduction to the symbols used in the IPA for languages other than English
 * The more detailed —a good place for English-speakers to start learning IPA
 * —this compares Wikipedia's IPA conventions with the in-house conventions found in various dictionaries
 * —this compares the IPA with non-IPA transcriptions found in various American dictionaries
 * —explains the difference between phonemic, phonetic, and morphological transcriptions, and broad vs narrow transcriptions

Appropriate use
Normally, pronunciation is given only for the subject of the article in its lead section. For foreign words and names, use the pronunciation key for the appropriate language. If a common English rendering of the foreign name exists, its pronunciation, if necessary, should be indicated before the foreign one. For English words and names, pronunciation should normally be omitted for common words or when obvious from the spelling; use it only for foreign loanwords, names with counterintuitive pronunciation , or very unusual words.

Pronunciation should be indicated sparingly, as parenthetical information disturbs the normal flow of the text and introduces clutter. In the article text, it should be indicated only where it is directly relevant to the subject matter, such as describing a word's etymology or explaining a pun. Less important pronunciations should be omitted altogether, relegated to a footnote, or to a dedicated section in the article or infobox. Articles about and other aspects of a language may normally use pronunciation keys throughout the text, as appropriate.

Do not include pronunciations for names of foreign countries whose pronunciations are well known in English (France, Poland). Do not include them for common English words just because they have pronunciations that might be counterintuitive for those learning the English language (laughter, sword). If the name consists of more than one word, include pronunciation only for the words that need it (all of but only Cholmondeley in ).

IPA style
Whenever the IPA appears in an article, it should be contained within the IPA template. This allows registered users to assign a different font to display the IPA symbols. The [brackets] should be inside the IPA template for uniformity of the font.

When using the IPA, provide an explanation for the reader. If there are multiple instances of IPA in an article, you may want to use the template at the top of the page. However, if there are only a few instances of IPA, you may instead wish to use a template to link the first to one of the help keys, such as:

This yields:
 * (pronounced )

The shortcut:

yields the same in smaller font:

There is a large number of templates dedicated to specific languages. For example, IPA-fr is customized specifically to French, and links to a dedicated Help:IPA/French key. If a template for the language in question is not available, use IPA-all instead.

With the IPA-xx templates, various codes may be entered after the IPA, separated by a pipe, to change the default introductory text. A simple pipe cancels the lead text, as above.

Audio samples may be included in the IPA template. In the case of the various IPA-xx templates, it appears after the text code.

When a specific pronunciation is indicated, as in foreign names, this is marked by square brackets. Normally a reader will not know the structure of the language in question well enough for a transcription in slashes to be useful. The use of slashes is only permitted in cases where the pronunciation represents s, as in broad transcriptions of English. However, phonetic transcriptions of English may be useful to represent a specific accent, local or historical pronunciations, or how a person pronounces their own name. For example, the English name Florence would normally be given the generic transcription, but in the case of we have a recording of her saying her name, and she pronounces it , with a flapped ar  that is no longer the norm in English. Non-universal pronunciations such as these should be clearly marked for what they are.

Distinction between varieties of English
It is often possible to transcribe a word in a generic way that is not specific to any one accent, e.g. Oxford as. Speakers of accents, as in much of Australia, England, New Zealand, and Wales, will pronounce the second syllable, those with the , as in much of the US and Canada, will pronounce the first syllable , and those with the  but without the father–bother merger, as in Scotland and Boston, will pronounce the first syllable , but since such variation on the part of the speaker is automatic, it need not be spelled out in a simple pronunciation guide to a key word in an article. Indeed, the key, designed for readers who are unfamiliar with the IPA, simply defines the sequence  as the sound at the end of letter, and warns that it may not be distinct from  for many people. That is, there is little point in transcribing Oxford as ,,, , , or , depending on accent, and this would add a considerable amount of clutter to the article.

If the pronunciation in a specific accent is desired, square brackets may be used, perhaps with a link to, which describes several national standards, or with a comment that the pronunciation is, , , etc. Local pronunciations are of particular interest in the case of place names. If there are both local and national or international standards, it may be beneficial to list both.

Foreign names
When a foreign name has a set English pronunciation (or pronunciations), include both the English and foreign-language pronunciations; the English transcription must always be first. If the native name is different from the English name, the native transcription must appear after the native name.

For example:   (República Bolivariana de Venezuela, )

which gives: Venezuela (República Bolivariana de Venezuela, )

Similarly, Nikita Khrushchev (Никита Хрущёв )

gives: Nikita Khrushchev (Никита Хрущёв )

Transcriptions should always have a label identifying which language they are transcribing, with the exception of English. They are normally given in the national or international standard of the language in question, unless there is a reason to give a more local pronunciation. For example, the key generally uses  as its standard, for Venezuela, but the local pronunciation of  may be considered more relevant. If a local pronunciation is transcribed, it should be marked as such:

Venezuela
 * Venezuela

Language-specific templates should not be used for local pronunciations, unless the keys they link to cover the IPA symbols that are used. (In this case, either IPA-es or IPA-all would work.)

However, in language articles such as, where the phonology is made explicit, examples may be given in either phonetic or phonemic notation, depending on the point being made, as the reader will have the information available to make sense of either. If for some reason it is desired to indicate the pronunciation of a foreign word phonemically in a non-linguistic article, a link should be provided to the phonology of the language in question.

Tone
Tone should always be included in the transcriptions of tonal languages. Because tone numbers are ambiguous—the reader may not know whether is supposed to be high tone, low tone, or a, for example—IPA transcriptions should use diacritic marks  or s , unless the article explains the numbering system.

Other transcription systems
If a language is not usually written in the Latin alphabet, an official may exist for it. For example, for  and the. In such cases, both the romanisation and the IPA rendering may be given.

For English words, transcriptions based on English spelling ("pronunciation respellings") such as (using respell) may be used, but only in addition to the IPA (IPAc-en). Any transcription, whatever system is used, should link to an explanation of the symbols, which are not universally understood.

For other languages, only the IPA is normally used. Respelling foreign pronunciations into English is inadequate and misleading. If an English respelling is given for a Welsh or Māori name, not only would it be bad Welsh or Māori but the implication would be that it's the English pronunciation. Nonetheless, an ad hoc description of a foreign-language word in that language is permitted. An example is. This is called the Quatre chevaux in French, but the re is elided, so the French pronunciation can be clarified with "pronounced quat'chevaux" (this appearing with the French IPA transcription, assuming the editor finds that worth including).

Ad hoc descriptions such as "rhymes with both" or "rhymes with paid" may be useful for describing English sounds, but many such descriptions (e.g. "rhymes with bath", "rhymes with caught") will be interpreted differently depending on the reader's accent, so caution is advised, and this approach should not be used alone.

However, when a name is intended to be a homonym of an existing English word or phrase, as is the case with many brand names and entertainers' names, giving that word or phrase may be all that is needed:

produces: The Motorola Razr (styled RAZR, pronounced "razor")

Nonetheless, even here some cases may be ambiguous. For example:

produces: Kioti Tractor ( "coyote")

If the IPA was omitted, it would not be clear which of the pronunciations of coyote is intended. In such cases, combining the IPA with the intended homonym may be needed. These should not be formatted with the respell template, as they do not follow that format. For example:

produces: Peter John Coke ( "cook")

There, the "cook" should not be formatted with the respell template, because then it would need to be  (giving ) to match the key it is linked to.

Places where other systems without the IPA are often appropriate are s and names composed of numbers or symbols. This is because the names of the letters, numbers, and symbols can be spelled out in normal English orthography in a way that makes the pronunciation unambiguous across dialects. For example, (DOA) may be better explained as "(an initialism: D-O-A)" rather than as the equally correct but less accessible. Similarly:

produces: C++ ( "cee plus plus")

Rather than solely using the less accessible. Similarly:

produces: javac (pronounced "java-cee")

See for how the names of the letters of the alphabet are spelled.

Similarly, the dispute over how to pronounce the X in Mac OS X may be better described as ten versus ex rather than as versus. In the case of Z, spelling out the letter as zee or zed is sufficient, if only one is considered correct.

Respelling should also be avoided when a respelled syllable would be the same as an existing word that is pronounced differently. "" respelled as, ""  as , and ""  as  are susceptible to being misinterpreted as , , and , because of the existing words "mow", "ton", and "bolt", so only IPA should be provided for such words, if any.

Opening of lead
Transcriptions are frequently placed immediately after the head words of the article in dictionary format:
 * London is the...

or even,
 * London is the...

This method is good when the pronunciation can be adequately covered in a short parenthetic string. However, this method can become distracting, especially when alternate conventions are used, if there are regional differences, or if the pronunciation is otherwise not straightforward. In such cases, other options are better. Some articles, such as , have a naming or pronunciation section that covers pronunciation explicitly. In other cases the pronunciation is given in the lead, but in a second dedicated sentence, leaving the first sentence unencumbered to define the term.

Footnote
Another possibility is to relegate everything beyond the most common pronunciation to a, or to remove all of it to a footnote.

Compare, for example:
 * Greenwich Village, in New York often simply called "the Village",

and
 * Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( or  ; January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), also known by his initials, FDR, was the   (1933–1945)

with
 * Greenwich Village, in New York often simply called "the Village",

and:
 * Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882–1945), also known by his initials, FDR, was the  (1933–1945)

In the latter, the pronunciation is given at the bottom of the page in a footnote: . This ensures proper formatting across browsers; it also enables editors to more easily find and review IPA transcriptions.
 * Notes

There are several types of IPA template. The simplest is IPA, which merely formats the enclosed text the way class="wikitable IPA" does for tables. It is normally used when the reader can be expected to follow the IPA, either because it's found in an article on phonology where the symbols are defined, because the article is tagged with, or because an earlier instance of IPA in the text was enclosed with one of the following templates, which are designed to be more useful to the reader than the generic IPA notice.

English
For more aid to the reader, there are multiple templates specific to various languages. For generic English, IPAc-en should be used, which will link the notation to, which is a key of established conventions for transcription of English on Wikipedia, and automates conversion to IPA and provides mouse-over keys. A description of the various parameters of these templates, such as marking a pronunciation as American, British, or local, or adding sound files, can be found on the template page. When using any key-linking IPA template such as these, English or foreign, an editor should transcribe using the conventions of the key it links to; for example, the generic English ar sound is transcribed in Dream Fiction Wiki articles, not, and is used where speakers of rhotic dialects would pronounce it, even in personal and place names. (These conventions, which are not specific to any one dialect or national standard, are covered at the top of the  key.)

IPAc-en accepts both IPA and SAMPA. Each phoneme, including rhotic vowels, should receive its own cell (such as the 'ou' here), and not broken up, or the wrong popups will appear. See the template page for details.

Technical Latin or Greco-Latin words in fields such as biology, astronomy, mythology and medicine cause frequent problems. If there is one generally accepted pronunciation in the field, use that. However, there are often multiple pronunciations heard, along a cline from highly anglicized pronunciations, as found in Shakespeare, to attempts to remain faithful to the Latin or Greek pronunciation. For example, may be pronounced either  or. Both are "correct". However, it may be impractical to list all possible pronunciations. In such cases, the is the most difficult as well as the most anglicized and is therefore the one that should be transcribed. Other conventions are generally straightforward and can all be covered, simultaneously, by including the Latin or Greek orthography, or the Greek in Latin transcription. As long as Latin long vowels ā ē ī ō ū ȳ are indicated, readers will be able to pronounce the word according to the convention of their choice. (Note that both the Latin and Greek alphabets are when it comes to vowel length, which determines the location of English stress in these words.)

To transcribe the pronunciation of a particular individual or dialect, or to use transcription conventions other than those of the IPA-for-English key, IPA-endia or IPA-all can be used, as the former links to the IPA chart for English dialects and the latter to a generic IPA key that is not restricted to any one dialect or language. It is often useful to add a link to a phonological description of the dialect being transcribed; if this is done, there will normally not be any need for the generic IPA key. Such links may be done manually, as in:

The distinction between /slashes/ used for generic English and [brackets] for individual or dialectical pronunciations using the IPA-all template is intentional: A phonemic transcription (between slashes) is not meaningful without a description of the phonology of the speech variant, whereas a phonetic transcription (between brackets) can stand on its own, and allowing a choice between slashes or brackets in a template leads to frequent misuse of the symbols. As long as the phonology of the speech variety is accessible to the reader, as with the example above, slashes may be used, but this will need to be done manually. Place any brackets or slashes within the IPA template, so that they are formatted in the same size and font as the enclosed transcription. (This may be individuated at by adding a line such as .IPA { font-family: Gentium, Charis SIL !important; }.)

Other languages
Other languages have dedicated IPA-xx templates, where xx is the 2-letter or the 3-letter  for the language in question, as in IPA-el for Greek or IPA-fa for Persian. A number of languages also have dedicated templates that automatically convert ordinary letters (or conventional ASCII equivalents) to IPA characters that are used to transcribe the language in question, such as IPAc-fr for French and IPAc-cmn for Mandarin Chinese. These languages and templates are listed at IPA. Again, if the language you're transcribing has such an IPA key, use the conventions of that key. If you wish to change those conventions, bring it up for discussion on the key's talk page. Creating transcriptions unsupported by the key or changing the key so that it no longer conforms to existing transcriptions will confuse readers.

If a language does not have an IPA-xx template and there is a potential use for one, consider creating it yourself. Use the 2-letter code if the language has one; otherwise use the 3-letter identification code used by Ethnologue, and add your template to Usage of IPA templates. The template should link to and be categorized as a. If the template is used by a sufficient number of articles, a dedicated key for that language can be created under. Once the key is ready, change the link in the template to that key and add it to IPA keys.

For languages which are too obscure to ever be likely to have a dedicated template, for dialects of templated languages which do not follow the phonology assumed by the existing IPA key for that language, or for transcriptions which do not presume any particular language, IPA-all can be used. It links to the generic key.

To link a single-phone transcription to an article on that phone, use IPA link; for example,. The template IPAblink provides brackets for phonetic transcriptions, and IPAslink provides slashes, for phonemic transcriptions. For an extended transcription, the template WikiIPA may be used at the beginning of the text, with the transcription itself formatted only with IPA.

Cleanup
If you're not sure how to fix a messed-up, provincial, or ambiguous transcription, there are several cleanup templates, which are monitored by editors who do. These are:
 * Needs IPA, an inline tag for pronunciations which do not include the IPA, for which an attempt at the IPA is inadequate (this includes correct IPA for what appears to be an incorrect pronunciation) or articles with IPA problems;
 * Pronunciation needed if you wish to have a pronunciation and none is provided.

Note that a simple pronunciation hint, such as an unambiguous rhyme ("rhymes with kind"), an unambiguous homonym ("pronounced like Smith"), or a spelled-out acronym ("pronounced S-O-S"), does not generally need an IPA transcription. However, more elaborate transcriptions, such as ad hoc respellings and US-dictionary formats, should be replaced by the IPA.

Entering IPA characters
Many IPA characters cannot be typed with a regular keyboard layout, but there are various ways to enter them.


 * Beneath the edit box on Dream Fiction Wiki is a character map (see for more information).
 * Choose IPA in the drop down box on the left, then just click on the symbol you want, and it will be added at the insertion point in the edit box.


 * Copy and paste from an online IPA keyboard
 * Utilities like the IPA i-charts, IPA character picker 19, TypeIt, or IPA Chart keyboard cover the complete range of IPA symbols and diacritics which are not available from the Wikipedia IPA character map.


 * Copy and paste them from elsewhere (other articles or websites, for example)
 * This method sometimes fails when copying characters with diacritics.


 * Many of the familiar Latin letters can be typed with a normal English keyboard layout. However,
 * note the length mark is a different character from a colon
 * note the primary stress mark is a different character from a typewriter apostrophe
 * note the symbol for the voiced velar stop is a different character from the lowercase English letter g
 * On Mac English keyboard layouts, a few special characters can be typed:
 * option-c for
 * option-o for
 * option-q for
 * option-' for


 * Enter them using a special character utility
 * On macOS, use the Character Viewer (formerly Character Palette): choose the "Phonetic Symbols" category and double-click on a character to enter it


 * Type them with a custom keyboard layout
 * For macOS, download the IPA-SIL keyboard layout

Numeric entry
The following methods require you to know the  of the character you wish to enter: for example, the IPA symbol  is represented by the  value. See the resources links below for reference charts.


 * Enter them using a numeric
 * On most Windows keyboard layouts, type alt-0–2–5–2 for (Note: Requires you to first set the registry key HKCU\Control Panel\Input Method\EnableHexNumpad to type REG_SZ and value 1 and reboot.)
 * On macOS, use the Unicode Hex Input keyboard layout, type option-0–2–5–2 for
 * On macOS Yosemite 10.10.5 you can hold down a key for a second and a number of diacritics will appear above the cursor as clickable options. 'a' for example offers à á â ä æ ã å and ā.


 * Enter them into wikitext as HTML character entities:
 * enter &amp;aelig; for
 * (decimal): enter &amp;#0594; for
 * Numeric character reference (hexadecimal): enter &amp;#x0252; for

Resources

 * Complete guide for using IPA on computers, Windows, macOS, and Linux
 * SIL: Some tools and resources for character input
 * UCL: The International Phonetic Alphabet in Unicode
 * Unicode chart for IPA extensions
 * Unicode chart for IPA spacing modifier letters
 * Unicode chart including IPA combining diacritical marks
 * Unicode-HTML codes for IPA symbols: Tables of symbol names and HTML codes at PennState.
 * IPA Unicode "keyboard" for point-and-click entry of IPA characters

Related templates

 * IPA allows proper display of IPA characters.
 * IPA-all has square brackets and a link to ; it is useful for foreign languages and specific accents of English.
 * IPAc-en has slashes and a link to ; it accepts ASCII input and displays a mouse-over key to the IPA. This is the preferred template for generic English.
 * IPA-endia uses brackets and links to ; it is useful for specific accents of English.
 * is a message that warns the reader of the presence of IPA characters


 * Needs IPA is an inline template noting need for a single instance of transcription.

Specific templates for foreign languages include (see Category:IPA language templates for a complete list): (See the documentation on any of these templates for other supported languages.)
 * IPA-de for German
 * IPA-es for Spanish
 * IPA-fr for French
 * IPA-ga for Irish
 * IPA-pl for Polish (accepts either Polish orthography or IPA)
 * IPA-pt for Portuguese
 * IPA-ru for Russian