Vicnoran language

Vicnoran is an Edgilian language spoken by the Vicnoran people in Vicnora, where it holds its title as the sole language of the country. It is also a national language in Screencold and Line and south-eastern El Kadsre. It's known to be the oldest language still currently in use, dating back to 6th century AD, with the modern form of the language being spoken since the 14th century.

History
The earliest form of the Vicnoran language was known as Old Vicnoran and was spoken during the early years of the Vicnoran Kingdom (550-775). When Vicnora annexed kingdoms of Perke, Itynn, Ertuz, Matora and Ova (in which they were fractions of the Matoran Empire) during the 8th century, the language adopted words from languages of the annexed countries and Old Vicnoran was evolved into Middle Vicnoran. In the 14th century, the Vicnoran language underwent a vowel shift, transforming Middle Vicnoran into Modern Vicnoran.

Consonants
Notes:


 * The voiced palatal nasal (IPA: [ɲ]) is actually not in the English phonology. This consonant has it's own letter in the Spanish orthography which is the letter called eñe or ñ (ny).
 * The voiced velar nasal, (IPA: [ŋ]) is pronounced as ng from the English word "ring".
 * The dental plosive consonants (IPA: [t̪] and [d̪]) are pronounced the same as the English letters t and d, but the blade of the tounge placed at the upper teeth. The dental plosive consonants are openly used in the Vicnoran language, meaning that the Vicnoran-speaking people can use the plain consonants and/or the dental consonants as the letters t and d from the orthography of the Vicnoran language.
 * The post-alveolar plosive consonants (IPA: [t͡ʃ] and [d͡ʒ]) are actually in the English phonology. t͡ʃ is pronounced as ch from the English word "check" and d͡ʒ is pronounced as j from the English word "joy".
 * The voiceless uvular plossive (IPA: [q]) is not in the English phonology. To pronounced this consonant, you need to press your uvula by your tounge as opposed to the soft palate.
 * The glottal stop (IPA: [ʔ]) is not in the English phonology nor in the English orthography, but some English words have the consonant by different types of accent. ʔ is pronounced as the sound between the vowels from the exclamation word "uh-oh"
 * The voiceless velar fricative (IPA: [x]) is pronounced as ch from the English word "loch" in a Scottish accent.
 * The post-alveolar sibilant fricative consonants (IPA: [ʃ] and [ʒ]) are actually in the English phonology. ʃ is pronounced as sh from the English word "shoe" and ʒ is pronounced as s from the English word "leisure".
 * The palatal approximant (IPA: [j]) is pronounced as y from the English word "yell".

Vowels
The 5 vowels of the Vicnoran language are the basic 5-vowel system which is a common vowel system that used by most languages (including Spanish, Japanese, Swahili, Hebrew, etc.)

Orthography
The orthography of the Vicnoran language is similar to the Latin alphabet because of the amount of the letters or characters of those 2 orthographies and has an exact shape as the Latin alphabet. However, the only difference between those orthographies are the pronounciation of Vicnoran.

Digraphs & Diphtongs
There are only 4 digraphs from the Vicnoran language which are ny, ng, tc, and ch. In the Vicnoran language, there are no diphthongs from Vicnoran that pronounced as its own vowel (because of the small amount of vowels from Vicnoran), but diphthongs are allowed in the language. The pronounciation of the Vicnoran diphtongs are only a glottal stop or ʔ (allowed for all vowel, can be used optionally), the palatal approximant or j (must be used if the first vowel is a front-to-central vowel, can be writen or not), or the voiced labial-prevelar approximant or w (must be used if the first vowel is a back vowel, can be writen or not) that placed between some 2 vowels.

Examples:


 * "aa" or "aya" = ['a.ʔa] or ['a.ja]
 * "ei" or "eyi" = ['e.ʔi] or ['e.ji]
 * "ou" or "owu" = ['o.ʔu] or ['o.wu]

Syllable Structure
The syllable structure of the Vicnoran language is (C)(C)V(C)(C)(C) or (C3)V(C3). Position of the syllable structure:


 * The first onset (the red consonants) = s, z, ʃ
 * The second onset (the orange consonants) = m, n, p, b, t/t̪, d/d̪, t͡ʃ ,d͡ʒ, k, g, q, ʒ, f, v, x, h
 * The third onset (the yellow consonants) = j, w, l, r, ʔ
 * The nucleus (the green vowels) = a, e, i, o, u
 * The first coda (the blue consonants) = m, n, ɲ, ŋ, j, w, l, r
 * The second coda (the purple consonants) = s, z, ʃ
 * The third coda (the pink consonants) = p, b, t/t̪, d/d̪, k, g

Phonotactic Rules
Here are the phonotactic rules of the Vicnoran language:


 * 1) The syllable structure of the language is (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
 * 2) No clusters
 * 3) Intervocalic glottal stops (optionally used)
 * 4) Stress are located on the first syllable, while the stress of names and non-Vicnoran words are located on the last syllablle.

Syntax
This is the syntax of the Vicnoran language:


 * 1) The word order is SVO or Subject-Verb-Object
 * 2) Adjectives, possesors, and numbers must writed before nouns.
 * 3) Postposition
 * 1) Postposition

Pronouns
Here are the pronouns from the Vicnoran language: Notes:


 * The sole or agent pronouns are the pronouns that are doing or not doing an action to an object. The object pronouns are the pronouns that received or experienced the action by a subject.
 * The excluding pronouns reference to the speaker and the people of the speaker, but without the listener. The including pronouns reference to the speaker, the listener, and the people of the speaker.
 * The biotic pronouns reference to the biotic livings or object, or the objects that can live and has its functioning purpose (reproduction, senses, movement, etc.). The abiotic pronouns reference to the abiotic objects, or the objects that cannot live nor move by itself.
 * The dual pronouns reference to only 2 people or a duo.



Plurality
The plurality of Vicnoran is reduplication (the repetition of all or part of a word to indicate more than one of something).

If a word is from a biotic living, the last syllable of a Vicnoran word must be duplicated to make the Vicnoran word from singular to plural.

Examples:


 * Homa (Singular) = A human
 * Hohoma (Plural) = Humans


 * Hugonga (Singular) = A dog
 * Huhugonga (Plural) = Dogs


 * Clontaca (Singular) = A leaf
 * Clonclontaca (Plural) = Leaves

If a word is from an abiotic object, the last syllable of a Vicnoran word (if the third onset is not a glottal stop or a approximant consonant) must be duplicated to make the Vicnoran word from singular to plural.

Examples:


 * Puka (Singular) = A rock
 * Pukaka (Plural) = Rocks


 * Tokuwa/Tokua (Singular) = A wood
 * Tokuwaya/Tokuaa (Plural) = Woods, A forest


 * Fruwala/Fruala (Singular) = A water
 * Fruwalala/Frualala (Plural) = A big amount of water, A sea

Vicnoran words of an object that is hard to count or uncountable (water, air, dirt, etc.) can be plural by making its value or size bigger.

Examples:


 * Fruwala/Fruala (Singular) = A water
 * Fruwalala/Frualala (Plural) = A big amount of water


 * Huhava (Singular) = An air
 * Huhavava (Plural) = A big amount of air, a wind

If a noun that has the pronoun case (see section 2.4.4) is a plural noun, you can duplicate the first syllable of the noun to have a big amount of the noun and/or you can duplicate the last syllable of the noun to make the noun into a person or a pronoun that is doing something with the object in big-sized.
 * Ckroxa (Singular) = A piece of dirt
 * Ckroxaxa (Plural) = A big piece of dirt, a land

Example:


 * Fruwala/Fruala (Singular, Noun) = A water
 * Fruwaleya/Frualea (Singular, Pronoun) = A swimmer
 * Frufruwaleya/Frufrualea (Plural, Pronoun. Biotic/Human) = Swimmers
 * Fruwaleleya/Frualelea (Plural, Pronoun, Abiotic/Object) = A diver
 * Frufruwaleleya/Frufrualelea (Plural, Pronoun, Humans with objects) = Divers

Cases
There are 9 cases in the Vicnoran language. These are the cases of the Vicnoran language:

The Nominative Case
This Vicnoran case is called the nominative case. The case is marked as a suffix -a. This case must be writen for a sole, an agent, and even a noun. This case can be writen optionally (except for plural words). Examples:
 * "Tokcana." = A tree.
 * "Humhumbug(a) metruwini din." = Some pigs was looking at you.
 * "Clontaca nifluvi." = A leaf will fly.

The Absolutive Case
This Vicnoran case is called the absolutive case. The case is marked as a suffix -o. This case must be writen on an object. Examples:
 * "Dumowang moskroti kekeroka-bano." = The cat is following his legs.
 * "Ke gobolugri dumilakoko." = I have drank the big amount of milk.

The Verb Case
The verb case is a Vicnoran case that can turn a noun into a verb for a sentence (the sentence can be transitive or intransitive). The case is marked as the suffix -i. Examples:


 * "Ke netruwini." = I looked.
 * "Pa movluwani baun." = He is hearing them.

The Dative Case
The dative case is a Vicnoran case that shows the indirect object of a verb (which is the recipient of the direct object). This case is marked as the suffix -u. This case is similar as the English prepositions (to, for, forward, into, onto). Examples:


 * "Ke nekeruwi dubukoko banu" = I gave the books to him.
 * "Ti mepri genu" = You were walking towards me.

The Pronoun Case
The Pronoun case is a Vicnoran case that turns a Vicnoran noun into a pronoun or a role. The case is marked as the suffix -e. Examples:


 * "Dufrufrualea motruwini dim." = The swimmers are looking both of you.
 * "Ke oseni Vikorsk-eyo." = I am a Vicnoran.

The Instrumental Case
The Instrumental case is a Vicnoran case that turns a Vicnoran noun into a noun by which the verb is carried out. The case is marked as the suffix -at. This case is similar as the English prepositions (with, by means of, using). Examples:


 * "Pau dunehamhamnami momogageyino spunanabaunat." = He actually ate our foods by using their spoons.
 * "Ti nopri genu kekerokadinat." = You walk to me with your legs.

The Comitative Case
The Comitative Case is a Vicnoran case that turns a noun into a noun by which association with an adjacent noun. The case is marked as the suffix -an. This case is similar as the English prepositions (with, along by, together). Examples:


 * "Ke metoki banan." = I was talking with her.
 * "Paun netruwini dumomowangan." = They looked with the cats.

The Locative Case
The Locative Case is a Vicnoran case that marks a location. The case is marked as the suffix -ed. This case is similar as the English prepositions (in, at, on, to). Examples:


 * "Ke dubromul-gened." = I am at my house.
 * "Dubuka-tia eketeped." = Your book was on a mountain.

The Ablative Case
The Ablative Case is a Vicnoran case that marks a noun that is locaated away from another noun. The case is marked as the suffix -em. This case is similar as some English prepositions (from, away from). Examples:


 * "Duhuhugonga mepripri genem" = The dogs were running from me.
 * "Ban oseni Vikorskaem." = He is from Vicnora.

Notes:
 * Pronouns doesn't affect by the nominative case and the absolutive case.
 * A dash (-) can be written between a noun and its pronoun possesor if a pronoun is possesing a noun, optionally writen (except names and non-Vicnoran words).
 * All cases of Vicnoran must be writen in the reduplication of plurality.
 * If a Vicnoran pronoun has a case that is other than the nominative case and the absolutive case, you must use the pronoun as the patient pronouns and add the case that is other than those 2 cases.
 * If a noun that has the pronoun case is a sole/agent or a patient, you can add another case including the nominative case for a sole/agent noun and the absolutive case for a patient noun. It will make the noun have 2 cases. Those 2 casses must be placed as the second or last case of a noun to not effect on plural words.