Vicnoran language

Vicnoran ( Vikorske) is an Edgilian language and a polysynthetic nominative-accusative language spoken by the Vicnoran people in Vicnora, where it holds its title as the sole language of the country. It is also a national language in Screencold and Line and south-eastern El Kadsre. It is known to be one of the oldest languages still currently in use, dating back to 6th century AD, with the modern form of the language being spoken since the 14th century.

History
The earliest form of the Vicnoran language was known as Old Vicnoran and was spoken during the early years of the Vicnoran Kingdom (550-775). When Vicnora annexed kingdoms of Perke, Itynn, Ertuz, Matora and Ova (in which they were fractions of the Matoran Empire) during the 8th century, the language adopted words from languages of the annexed countries and Old Vicnoran was evolved into Middle Vicnoran. In the 14th century, the Vicnoran language underwent a vowel shift, transforming Middle Vicnoran into Modern Vicnoran.

Consonants
Notes:


 * The voiced palatal nasal (IPA: [ɲ]) is actually not in the English phonology. This consonant has it's own letter in the Spanish orthography which is the letter called eñe or ñ (ny).
 * The voiced velar nasal, (IPA: [ŋ]) is pronounced as ng from the English word "ring".
 * The dental plosive consonants (IPA: [t̪] and [d̪]) are pronounced the same as the English letters t and d, but the blade of the tounge placed at the upper teeth. The dental plosive consonants are openly used in the Vicnoran language, meaning that the Vicnoran-speaking people can use the plain consonants and/or the dental consonants as the letters t and d from the orthography of the Vicnoran language.
 * The post-alveolar plosive consonants (IPA: [t͡ʃ] and [d͡ʒ]) are actually in the English phonology. t͡ʃ is pronounced as ch from the English word "check" and d͡ʒ is pronounced as j from the English word "joy".
 * The voiceless uvular plossive (IPA: [q]) is not in the English phonology. To pronounced this consonant, you need to press your uvula by your tounge as opposed to the soft palate.
 * The glottal stop (IPA: [ʔ]) is not in the English phonology nor in the English orthography, but some English words have the consonant by different types of accent. ʔ is pronounced as the sound between the vowels from the exclamation word "uh-oh"
 * The voiceless velar fricative (IPA: [x]) is pronounced as ch from the English word "loch" in a Scottish accent.
 * The post-alveolar sibilant fricative consonants (IPA: [ʃ] and [ʒ]) are actually in the English phonology. ʃ is pronounced as sh from the English word "shoe" and ʒ is pronounced as s from the English word "leisure".
 * The palatal approximant (IPA: [j]) is pronounced as y from the English word "yell".

Vowels
The 5 vowels of the Vicnoran language are the basic 5-vowel system which is a common vowel system that used by most languages (including Spanish, Japanese, Swahili, Hebrew, etc.)

Romanization
The romanization of the Vicnoran language is similar to the Latin alphabet because of the amount of the letters or characters of those 2 orthographies. However, the only difference between those orthographies are the pronounciation of Vicnoran.

Diphthongs
Note: Dipthongs that has 2 same vowels will put by a glottal stop (ʔ) between the vowels.

Syllable Structure
The syllable structure of the Vicnoran language is (C)(C)V(C)(C)(C) or (C3)V(C3). Position of the syllable structure:


 * The first onset (the red consonants) = s, z, ʃ
 * The second onset (the orange consonants) = m, n, p, b, t/t̪, d/d̪, t͡ʃ ,d͡ʒ, k, g, q, ʒ, f, v, x, h
 * The third onset (the yellow consonants) = l, r, ʔ, j, w
 * The nucleus (the green vowels) = a, e, i, o, u
 * The first coda (the blue consonants) = m, n, ɲ, ŋ, j, w, l, r
 * The second coda (the purple consonants) = s, z, ʃ
 * The third coda (the pink consonants) = p, b, t/t̪, d/d̪, k, g

Phonotactic Rules
Here are the phonotactic rules of the Vicnoran language:


 * 1) The syllable structure of the language is (C)(C)(C)V(V)(C)(C)(C)
 * 2) Glottal stops between 2 same vowels
 * 3) Stress are located on the first syllable.
 * /x/, /h/, /ʔ/, /w/, and /j/ never cluster.

Syntax
This is the syntax of the Vicnoran language:


 * 1) The word order is SVO or Subject-Verb-Object
 * 2) Adjectives, possesors, numbers and other modifiers must writed before nouns or the postpositive modifiers.
 * 3) Preposition
 * 1) Preposition

Pronouns
Notes:


 * The sole or agent pronouns are the pronouns that are doing or not doing an action to an object. The object pronouns are the pronouns that received or experienced the action by a subject.
 * The excluding pronouns reference to the speaker and the people of the speaker, but without the listener. The including pronouns reference to the speaker, the listener, and the people of the speaker.

Demonstrative Pronouns

 * Tjuta (this) = for objects that are close distance
 * Tjata (that) = for objects that are far distance*

Plurality
The plurality of Vicnoran is reduplication (the repetition of all or part of a word to indicate more than one of something).

If a word is from an animate, the first syllable of a Vicnoran word must be duplicated to make the Vicnoran word from singular to plural.

Examples:


 * Homa (Singular) = A human
 * Hohoma (Plural) = Humans


 * Hugonga (Singular) = A dog
 * Huhugonga (Plural) = Dogs


 * Clontaca (Singular) = A leaf
 * Clonclontaca (Plural) = Leaves

If a word is from an inanimate, the case of a Vicnoran word must be duplicated to make the Vicnoran word from singular to plural.

Examples:


 * Puka (Singular) = A rock
 * Pukaka (Plural) = Rocks


 * Toka (Singular) = A wood
 * Tokaka (Plural) = Woods, A forest


 * Fruala (Singular) = A water
 * Frualala (Plural) = A big amount of water, A sea

Vicnoran words of an object that is hard to count or uncountable (water, air, dirt, etc.) can be plural by making its value or size bigger.

Examples:


 * Fruala (Singular) = A water
 * Frualala (Plural) = A big amount of water


 * Huhava (Singular) = An air
 * Huhavava (Plural) = A big amount of air, a wind

If a noun that has the personal suffix (3.8.1) is a plural noun, you can duplicate the first syllable of the noun to have a big amount of the noun and/or you can duplicate the last syllable of the noun to make the noun into a person or a pronoun that is doing something with the object in big-sized.
 * Ckroxa (Singular) = A piece of dirt
 * Ckroxaxa (Plural) = A big piece of dirt, a land

Example:


 * Fruala (Singular, Noun) = A water
 * Frualake (Singular, Pronoun) = A swimmer
 * Frufrualake (Plural, Pronoun. Biotic/Human) = Swimmers
 * Frualalake (Plural, Pronoun, Abiotic/Object) = A diver
 * Frufrualalake (Plural, Pronoun, Humans with objects) = Divers

Cases
There are 9 cases in the Vicnoran language. These are the cases of the Vicnoran language:

The Nominative Case (NOM)
This Vicnoran case is called the nominative case. The case is marked as a suffix -a. This case must be writen for a sole, an agent, and a noun. Examples:
 * "Tokcana." = A tree.
 * "Humhumbuga metruwini din." = Some pigs was looking at you.
 * "Clontaca nifluvi." = A leaf will fly.

The Absolutive Case (ABS)
This Vicnoran case is called the absolutive case. The case is marked as a suffix -o. This case must be writen on an object. Examples:
 * "Dumowang moskroti kekeroka-pamo." = The cat is following his legs.
 * "Ke gobolugri dumilakoko." = I have drank the big amount of milk.

The Verb Case (VRB)
The verb case is a Vicnoran case that can turn a noun into a verb for a sentence (the sentence can be transitive or intransitive). The case is marked as the suffix -i. Examples:


 * "Ke netruwini." = I looked.
 * "Pa movluwani baun." = He is hearing them.

The Dative Case (DTV)
The dative case is a Vicnoran case that shows the indirect object of a verb (which is the recipient of the direct object). This case is marked as the suffix -u. This case is similar as the English prepositions (to, for, forward, into, onto). Examples:


 * "Ke nekeri dubukoko banu" = I gave the books to him.
 * "Ti mepri genu" = You were walking towards me.

The Instrumental Case (INS)
The Instrumental case is a Vicnoran case that turns a Vicnoran noun into a noun by which the verb is carried out. The case is marked as the suffix -at. This case is similar as the English prepositions (with, by means of, using). Examples:


 * "Pau dunehamnami momogageyino spunana-paumat." = He actually ate our foods by using their spoons.
 * "Ti nokekeroki genu kekeroka-timat." = You walk to me with your legs.

The Comitative Case (CMT)
The Comitative Case is a Vicnoran case that turns a noun into a noun by which association with an adjacent noun. The case is marked as the suffix -an. This case is similar as the English prepositions (with, along by, together). Examples:


 * "Ke metoki banan." = I was talking with her.
 * "Paun netruwini dumomowangan." = They looked with the cats.

The Locative Case (LCT)
The Locative Case is a Vicnoran case that marks a location. The case is marked as the suffix -ed. This case is similar as the English prepositions (in, at, on, to). Examples:


 * "Ke dubromul-kemed." = I am at my house.
 * "Dubuka-tia eketeped." = Your book was on a mountain.

The Ablative Case (ABT)
The Ablative Case is a Vicnoran case that marks a noun that is locaated away from another noun. The case is marked as the suffix -em. This case is similar as some English prepositions (from, away from). Examples:


 * "Duhuhugonga mepritrilangi genem" = The dogs were running from me.
 * "Pam oseni Vikorskem." = He is from Vicnora.

The Possesor Case (PSR)
The Possesor Case is a Vicnoran case that marks a noun into a possesor or a noun that posseses another noun. It is the opposite of the possesive case. The case is marked as the suffix -un. Examples:

Nouns that are names or transliterations from another languages must turned as its own word and use the Possesor Case (PSR). Examples:
 * "Dumomowang Vikorskun." = The cats of Vicnoran. or Vicnora's cats
 * "Ckroxaxa hohomun." = The land of humans.


 * "Tokcana Vikorskun" = A Vicnoran tree.
 * "Duhohoma Elkadsreiun" = The El Kadsreians.
 * "Spuna Tjonun" = John's spoon or A spoon of John.

The Numerical Case (NMR)
The Numerical Case is a Vicnoran case that marks a number. This case is used for numerical nouns and count the amount of objects, The value of this case is -as.

Examples:


 * "Pumas" = "Two"
 * "Tuvazortakanerkanas" = "Fifty one"
 * "Toktokcana nerkanas" = "FIve trees"
 * "Momowanga treyas" = "Three cats"
 * "Momowanga treyas" = "Three cats"

Examples:

Notes:
 * All cases of Vicnoran must be writen in the reduplication of plurality.
 * The object must use the Nominative case instead of the Absolutive case if the verb is "oseni" or "to be" in English

Rules of Modifiers

 * A dash (-) must be written between a noun and its pronoun possesor if a pronoun is possesing a noun.
 * Nouns that are names or transliterations from another languages must turned as its own word and use the Possesor Case (PSR).

Nouns & Verbs
In the Vicnoran language, the modifiers (such as adjectives, possesors, numbers, and other modifiers) must be written after a noun.

Examples:


 * "Homahalta = A tall human.
 * "Momowangaberva." = Some cute cats.
 * "Dufruwalalabluva." = The blue ocean.
 * "Tokcanazibam." = A big tree.

The modifiers can actually modify some verbs to turn into an adverb.

Examples:


 * "Kekerokitrilanga." = To rapidly walk.
 * "Neckeklialta." = To highly jumped.
 * "Nitokiterasa." = Will talk loudly.

Compoud Words
Adjective & Adverbs can make a Vicnoran word into a compound word

Examples:


 * "Pri" (Legs (as in verb)) + "Troba" (Ball) = "Pritroba." (Football/Legs ball)
 * "Formata" (Format) + "Disuka" (Disk) = "Formatadisuka." (Format Disk)
 * "Tulgramama" (Colors) + "Kiza" (Sun) = "Tulgramamakiza." (Rainbow/Sun's colors)
 * "Ola" (Room) + "Stulda" (Coin) = "Olastulda." (Bank/Coin room)

Degrees
Degrees in the Vicnoran language are located at the end of a modifier. These degrees can decrease or increase the value of a modifier for its noun. There are only 6 degrees, the 3 degrees are the negative degrees and the others are the positive degrees.

Here is the list of the 7 degrees: Examples:
 * The lowest degree is a degree that makes the value of a modifier into lowewst. The infix of this degree is -gul- (DGR:1).
 * The more lower degree is a degree that makes the value of a modifier into more lower. The infix of this degree is -tul- (DGR:2).
 * The lower degree is a degree that makes the value of a modifier into lower. The infix of this degree is -tol- (DGR:3).
 * The higher degree is a degree that makes the value of a modifier into higher. The infix of this degree is -til- (DGR:4).
 * The more higher degree is a degree that makes the value of a modifier into more higher. The infix of this degree is -tel- (DGR:5).
 * The highest degree is a degree that makes the value of a modifier into highest. The infix of this degree is -tal- (DGR:6).


 * "Ckroxa." = Dirt
 * "Ckroxazibama." = Big dirt / Land / Country
 * "Ckroxazibamtila." = Bigger dirt / Big Region / Continent
 * "Ckroxazibamtela." = More bigger dirt / Continents / World
 * "Ckroxazibamtala." = The biggest dirt
 * "Ckroxazibamtola." = Not bigger dirt / Smaller dirt / Island
 * "Ckroxazibamtula." = Not more bigger dirt / More smaller dirt / A bit of dirt / Small region
 * "Ckroxazibamgula." = Not the biggest dirt / The smallest dirt


 * "Fruwala." = Water
 * "Fruwalazibama." = Big water / Sea
 * "Fruwalazibamtila." = Bigger water / Ocean
 * "Fruwalazibamtela." = More bigger water / All water from Earth
 * "Fruwalazibamtala." = The biggest water
 * "Fruwalazibamtola." = Smaller water / Lake
 * "Fruwalazibamtula." = More smaller water / River
 * "Fruwalazibamgula." = Not the biggest water / The smallest water

Tenses & Aspects
In the Vicnoran language, there are only 3 aspects in the language, which are the simple tense, the continous tense, and the perfect tense. There are 3 tenses in the language, which are the past tense, the present tense, and the future tense.

Tenses:
 * The past tense is a tense that marks for a verb that occured at the past. The infix of this tense is -e- (PST).
 * The present tense is a tense that marks for a verb that occurs at the present. The infix of this tense is -o- (PRT).
 * The future tense is a tense that marks for a verb that will occur at the future. The infix of this tense is -i- (FTR).

Aspect: The verb tense must be written before the time tense. Examples:
 * The simple aspect is a tense that marks for a verb that occured at some point at the event. The infix of this aspect is -n- (SMP).
 * The continous aspect is a tense that marks for a verb that is still occured at some time. The infix of this aspect is -m- (CNT).
 * The perfect aspect is a tense that marks for a verb that occured at any past and has finished at any present. The infix of this aspect is -g- (PRF).
 * The habitual aspect is a tense that marks for a verb that has always occured by a subject. The infix of this aspect is -d- (HBT).


 * "Ke netruwini." = I looked.
 * "Ke (no)truwini." = I look.
 * "Ke nitruwini." = I will look.
 * "Ke metruwini." = I was looking.
 * "Ke motruwini." = I am looking.
 * "Ke mitruwini." = I will looking
 * "Ke getruwini." = I had looked.
 * "Ke gotruwini." = I have looked.
 * "Ke gitruwini." = I will have looked.
 * "Ke detruwini." = I used to look.

Tense for "to be"
The verb "to be" or "seni" in Vicnoran has a different verb tense in the Vicnoran language than the other 3 verb tenses. The infix of this verb tense is -Ø-, which means that the infix is not visible but the 3 time tenses can still be used for the verb.

Examples:


 * "Ke eseni Vikorskoe." = I was a Vicnoran.
 * "Ke oseni Vikorskoe." = I am a Vicnoran.
 * "Ke iseni Vikorskoe." = I will be a Vicnoran.

Moods
There are only 3 mood in the Vicnoran language, which are the ability mood, the obligation mood, and the necessity mood.


 * "The Ability Mood is a Vicnoran mood that is used for the ability to a verb. The infix of this mood is -m- (ABL).
 * "The Obligation Mood is a Vicnoran mood that is used for the order to a verb. The infix of this mood is -n- (OBL).
 * "The Necessity Mood" is a Vicnoran mood that is used for the request to a verb. The infix of this mood is -ng- (NCS).

Examples:


 * "Ke nomtruwini." = I can look.
 * "Ke nontruwini." = I must look.
 * "Ke nongtruwini." = I want to look.

Definite Article
The Vicnoran language even has the definite article, which is equivalent to the English's definite article, "the". The value of this article is the prefix du- and must be written before a Vicnoran root word. Examples:
 * Tokcana. = A tree
 * Dutokcana. = The tree

Usage on Verbs
This article can be used at verbs. You can add the article to a Vicnoran verb to add the adverb "actually, "factually", or "really" to the verb. Examples:
 * Ke pri = I walk
 * Ke dupri = I actually walk

Conjunctions
List of Vicnoran conjunctions and a comparison to English

The Place Prefix (PLC)
This Vicnoran suffix can turn a noun into a place. The value of this prefix is "vi-" and must be written before a root word. Examples:
 * "Korsa." = A power
 * "Vikorsa." = The place of a power/ The home of 6 powers / Vicnora


 * "Cila." = Intelligence
 * "Vicila." = A school


 * "Fruwalagerkena." = A dirty water
 * "Vifruwalagerkena." = A toilet

The Personal Suffix (PRS)
This Vicnoran suffix can turn a noun into a person. The value of this suffix is "-ke", and must be written after the case of a Vicnoran noun. Examples:
 * "Vikorsa."/"Vikors." = Vicnora
 * "Vikorsake."/"Vikorske." = A Vicnoran.


 * "Pritrilangi." = To rapidly walk / To run
 * "Pritrilangie." = A runner


 * "Fruala."/"Frual." = Water
 * "Frualae."/"Fruale." = A swimmer

The Gerund Suffix
This Vicnoran suffix can turn a verb into a noun. The value of this suffix is "-min", and must be written after the case of a Vicnoran noun. Examples:


 * "Pri." = To walk
 * "Pri(a)min" = Walking
 * "Ke (no)cki priomin." = I like walking


 * "Truwini." = To look
 * "Truwini(a)min." = Looking
 * "Ke (no)cki truwiniomin." = I like looking


 * "Fluvi." = To fly
 * "Fluvi(a)min." = Flying
 * "Ke cki fluviomin." = I like flying.