Crootch language

The Krotol, Krozol or Crootch language (native name: baazdul Krotol' / бааздул Кротоль ['ba:zduɫ 'krotolʲ] or baazdul Krozol' / бааздул Крозоль [ba:zduɫ krozolʲ] — "the language of spirits (of nature)" or "the language of feelings") is the main and official language of Crotolia, which can be written by means of its special writing system, a variant of the Latin script or a variant of the Cyrillic script.

It is distantly related to the Basque language and Vicnoran language, but, in general, the language is not similar to any existing language, especially in its sounding:

Krotol is an agglutinative language — it means that various suffixes and prefixes (every of which has mostly only one meaning) attach to the word and can change its meaning; they can make the word very long. Sometimes long Krotol words mean entire sentences when they are translated into other languages.

Besides, the primary features of the Krotol grammar are a significantly big number of noun cases, verb tenses and moods, expressing verb tense via changing the personal pronouns and the possibility of attaching tense prefixes to adjectives, nouns and adverbs giving them additional meaning. The language does not have articles at all and makes no distinction in gender, except for some pronouns. Stressing in the language is not stabil and can change when affixes are attached to the word. The order of words in the sentences is "free", therefore the words can stay in any order (but still with some vital rules); as in English, in the Krotol sentences only one expressing negation word/particle can appear.

The language almost does not have any borrowed words (see the vocabulary).

The names of the language[]

The original name Krotol' / Кротоль comes from the Krotol word kroozo, meaning "a spirit" or "a feeling, an emotion". Another acceptable and equal variant of this name is Krozol' /Крозоль.

In order to make the word Krotol' to mean particularly the language (since this word can be added to mean any Krotol thing, for example, the Krotol culture (Krotol' asharuga)), the word baazdul, meaning "a language", is frequently added.

In English the language is officially called "Krotol" or "Crootch" [kʁu:t͡ʃ]; the name "Krozol" is also acceptable but very rarely used.

The name in other languages:

in German – die Krutische Sprache;
in Basque – Krutxiera, approximate pronunciation – [krut͡ʃiɛra];
in Russian – кручский язык (kruchskiy yazyk [krut͡ʃskij jazɨk]);
in Czech and Slovak – kručina;
in Slovenian – kruščina;
in Bulgarian / Macedonian – кручски език (kruchski ezik, Bg.) / jазик(yazik, M.);
in Serbian / Croatian / Bosnian / Montenegrin – кручски jезик (kruchski jezik, Sr.) / krućski jezik (the others);
in Ukrainian – кручська мова (kruchs'ka mova);
in Polish – język krócki,there is a Polish saying "Język krócki, nie krótki, ale okrutny", meaning "The Krotol tongue, not short but cruel";
in Romanian – limba crozolă [limba krozolə] or limba krocilă [limba krot͡ʃilə];
in Moldovan – языка крозалэ (yazyka krozale) or языка крочалэ (yazyka krochale);
in Turkish – kruça;
in Azerbaijani – kruca [krudʒa];
in Kazakh – кротол тілі (krotol tili);
in Arabic – ال كروتول [el karutul];
in Navajo – Łichííʼ Bizaad [ɬit͡ʃi: piza:t] "the red language", the Navajo name can have two meanings: either they described this way that the language is unclear for them (the same way the Sioux described the Cheyenne language naming it "red") or they meant that the language is beautiful (for example, in Russian the word "красивый ("beautiful")" came from the word "красный ("red")";
in Cherokee – ᎤᎦᎾᏩ Ꭶ⁠Ꮼ⁠Ꮒ⁠Ꭿ⁠Ꮝ⁠Ꮧ (uganawa gawonihisdi, lit.: "The warm language");
in the Aztec languages – kxotatolli.
in the Quechuan language – Krochva Simi;
in Spanish – krucho or la idioma krucho;
in Portuguese – kruito [krujtu];
in Italian – Krocio;
in French – krutchais [kʁut͡ʃɛ];
in Latin – lingua Krotol;
in Greek – κρότολκα (krotolka);
in Hungarian – krucs nyelv [krut͡ʃ ɲjelv];
in Japanese – クルチ語 (kuruchi-go);
in Korean – 크로치어 (approximately: [krut͡ʃo:]);
in Chinese – 高兹語 (Gāo zī yǔ);
in Vietnamese – tiếng cuchũng;
in Thai – ภาษากรดชิง (approximately – pasaa krochiing);
in Indonesian and Malaysian – Bahasa Krucia [bahasa krut͡ʃia];
in Icelandic and Swedish – kruska;
in Faroese – krokist [krot͡ʃist];
in Norwegian – krusk;
in Danish – Krutjask [kʁut͡ʃɛsk];
in Finnish and Estonian – kruchka kieli (Fin.) / keel (Est.);
in Greenlandic – Korotsisut;
in Dutch and Afrikaans – kroozols;
in Hindi – क्रोटोल [krotoɫ];
in Tamil – கொரொடோல் மொழி (korotool mozhi);
in Telugu – కోరొటోల్ (koorottool);
in Welsh – crosiaeg [kroʃɑjɡ];
in Irish and Scottish Gaelic – An Króisís (Ir.) / An Kròisìs (Sc.), approximate pronunciation – [an kɾo:ʃi:ʃ];
in Zulu – isiKhotol;
in Swahili – Kikrochili;
in Latvian – Krotolu valoda;
in Lithuanian – Krotolų kalba;
in Tagalog / Filipino – Wikang Krotes;
in Northern Sami – Kruotagiella;
in Armenian – Կրօերէն (Kroyeren);
in Georgian – ქროჩული (krochuli);
in Albanian – gjuha krotole;
in Maori – te reo Koroto;
in Sohainesian – ㄱ르서파사 (krūsō pasa);
in Mokoja – Крусхо абриахас (Krusho abriahas);
in Toki Pona — toki Koloto.

Words and sounds[]

Lexicon[]

There are almost no borrowings in the language's vocabulary; the words are often made by connecting roots, for example, balgoozvul ("computer") is made of balza ("to know") and goozvul ("an apparat, a device").

See: The modern Krotol-Russian-English-German dictionary

Since the language is distantly related to Basque, some obvious cognates are easy to notice, for example:

Krotol uurchi "squirrel" – Basque urtxintxa, ikushi "to meet" – ikusi "to see", icurhi "to return, to bring back" – itzuli, ikachi "to learn" – ikasi, min'go "pain" – min, urraca "step" – urrats, Eguski "the Sun" – Eguzki, zabal' "wide" – zabal, barto "last (week, year)" – bart "last evening" etc.

Alphabet and Phonetic[]

The five vowels have their long analogues. There are no cases when a long vowel can change the word's meaning therefore ignoring the long vowels never makes understanding of the speech harder.

Some of the consonants can be long too (gemination) and sometimes it can change the meaning: falguudum ("about the cave") – falguddum ("with the cave").

The letters and the sounds:

a – /a/ – like in "fAther", an example: ak [ak] – "a house";

aa – /a:/, an example: naak [na:k] – "to eat";

b – /b/ – like in "Bomb", an example: shibo [ʂibo] – "ready";

ch – /t͡ʃ/ – like in "CHeck", an example: chungu [t͡ʃungu] – "small, little";

c – /t͡s/ – like in "siTS", an example: micuyoki [mit͡sujoki] – "new";

d – /d/ – like in "DaD", an example: door [do:r] – "music";

dz – /dz/ – does not exist in English, an example: dzou [dzou] – "when";

dd – /d:/, an example: bazaddukun [bazad:ukun] – "a situation, a location";

f – /f/ – like in "Five", an example: fachung [fat͡ʃung] – "a bit, a little";

g – /ɡ/ – like in "Gold", an example: goondzu [go:ndzu] – "soon";

e – /ɛ/ – like in "hElp", an example: dzevug [dzɛvug] – "a part";

ee – /ɛ:/, an example: vichidzeeki [vit͡ʃidzɛ:ki] – "courageous, brave";

ye – /je/ – like in "YEs", an example: lyeachuga [ljeat͡ʃuga] – "to find";

k – /k/ – like in "KnoCK", an example: Kao? [kao] – "What?";

kk – /k:/, an example: rokkuon [rok:uon] – "a problem";

l – /ɫ/ – like in "Let", an example: morshel [morʂɛɫ] – "dangerous, risky";

l' – /lʲ/ – like in "pLease", an example: ashagel' [aʂagɛl] – "beautiful";

ll /l/ – an example: shigill [ʂigil] – "morning";

o – /o/ – like in "lOt", an example: tukutoru [tukutoru] – "happy";

oo – /o:/, an example: mookh [mo:x] – "a reason";

u – /u/ – like in "gOOse", an example: Murut! [murut] – "Hi!";

uu – /u:/, an example: gel'vetuuka [gɛlvɛtu:ka] – "to match (something)";

p – /p/ – like in "Pack", an example: kshaurip [kʂaurip] – "a lizard";

rh – /ɾ/ – similar to the English "r", this "r" is not sonant, an example: narhu [naɾu] – "to do";

r – /r, r̥/ – sonant "r", does not exist in English, an example: rou [rou] – "I (the pronoun)";

rr – /r:, r̥:/, an example: chorron [t͡ʃor:on] – "bad";

s – /s/ – like in "Sick", an example: sarhami [saɾami] – "to understand";

ss – /s:/, an example: rukhassa [ruxas:a] – "to mature";

sh – /ʂ/ – like in "SHarp", an example: shaal [ʂa:ɫ] – "night";

ś – /ɕɕ/ – like in "SHeer", an example: śyorgel' [ɕɕjorgɛl] – "pleasant";

kh – /x/ – like in "loCH", an example: tumunzakh [tumunzax] – "fear, dread, a phobia";

khl – /ɬ/ – Welsh LL, does not exist in English, an example: khleyn [ɬɛjn] – "autumn";

t – /t/ – like in "Take", an example: toiva [tojva] – "to have";

tt – /t:/, an example: chukuttu [t͡ʃukut:u] – "enough", chukut-ta [t͡ʃukut:a] – "not enough";

m – /m/ – like in "Mock", an example: murhichi [muɾit͡ʃi] – "to like (something)";

n – /n/ – like in "Not", an example: shenaki [ʂɛnaki] – "to control";

n' – /ɲ/ – does not exist in English, Spanish ñ, an example: kishin'yaki [kiʂiɲjaki] – "these days, currently, today";

nn – /n:/, an example: enna [ɛn:a] – "real";

y – /j/ – like in "toY", an example: cakheyrhu [t͡saxɛjɾu] – "a soul";

i – /i, j/ – like in "kIdney", examples: in [in] – "it", veiga [vɛjga] – "to want, to wish (to do something)";

ii – /i:/, an example: nasiitka [nasi:tka] – "approximately, nearly, cirka";

v – /v/ – like in "Visit", an example viaguk [viaguk] – "a thing, an object (material)";

vv – /v:/, an example: savvaku [sav:aku] – "a flower";

z – /z/ – like in "quiZ", an example: dovalzag [dovaɫzag] – "to approve";

zh – /ʐ/ – like in "pleaSure", an example: kizhminyogel' [kiʐminjogɛl] – "sudden, unexpected";

J j – /dʒ/ – like in "Joy", an example: jala [dʒala] – "crazy, insane";

' – /ʕ/, an example: na'achiika [naʕat͡ʃi:ka] – "to agree".

A Cyrillic adaptation for the Krotol language is below:

а – a;

аа – аа;

б – b;

ч – ch;

ц – c;

д – d;

дд – dd;

дз – dz;

ф – f;

г – g;

э – e;

ээ – ee;

е – ye;

к – k;

кк – kk;

л – l;

ль or љ – l';

лл – ll;

o – o;

oo – oo;

у – u;

уу – uu;

п – p;

' or թ – rh;

р – r;

рр – rr;

с – s;

сс – ss;

щ – ś;

ш – sh;

х – kh;

хл or ԓ – khl;

т – t;

тт – tt;

м – m;

н – n;

нн – nn;

нь or њ – n';

й – y;

и – i;

ии – ii;

в – v;

вв – vv;

з – z;

ж – zh;

дж or ђ – j;

ё – yo;

я – ya;

ъ – ' (ʕ).

Writing on paper by the Crootch language writing system

Suffixes[]

Some suffixes can indicate what kind of word the noun is, for example, the suffix -ug- indicates mostly that the word means an occupation:

kolla ("evil (noun)") – koltug ("a villain");
suvanekha ("to use") – suvanug ("an user");
toiva ("to have") – toivug ("an owner");
undratoiva ("to work") – undratoivug ("a worker") etc.

The suffix -ak- indicates that the noun is a building:

ikachi ("to learn") – ikachiak ("a school");
kosheda ("to create, to make") – kosheak ("a factory");
froz – frozlyeashoak ("a library") etc.

The suffix -faik- means that the word is some space or a hall:

iklaash ("cold") – iklashfaik ("a fridge");
dool ("rest") – dolfaik ("a bedroom");
aakhlizh ("food") – aakhlizhfaik ("a kitchen");
ikachi ("to learn") – ikachifaik ("a classroom") etc.

The suffixes -uk-, -z- and -az- mean gerunds:

shodvagolza(g) ("to understand") – shodvagolzuk ("understanding", compare to shodvagolzug which means "a man who understands, a companion");
korva ("to sing") – korvaz ("singing");
dzoshum ("to close") – dzoshumaz ("a closing") etc.

Phrases[]

Krotol phrases are listed below.

Bai / Chea – "Yes / Yeah".
Ta – "No".
Kao in? / In kao? – "What is this / that / it?".
Kao ichu? / Ichu kao? – "What are these?".
Oshega rou ... – "My name is ... (literally: "I call myself")".
Toidzo... – "I am (age) old".
Kao nekium? – "What about you?".
Ni-gel'ved / Kissa (literally, this word means "joy" or "fun") – "Alright / OK / I am satisfied with that".
Enneya? / Vokhla-do? – "Really?".
Ta, enneya – "Not really".
Shegamita rou Krotol'-do – "I do not speak Krotol".
Shegami rou tarhen Englatol'-do – "I can speak only English".
Ni-maakhgel' roua / Ni-maakhgel'-shot / Gulomdzo khleykhtkha – "Shame / I feel sorry for you / I am sorry".
Shigo – "There is need to (if this word is used with pronouns, then the pronouns stay in Dative)".
Tashigo – "There is no need to".
Seigo – "One can / One may" (permission).
Taseigo – "One cannot / One may not" (prohibition).
Baldzota – "I do not know (only when you was asked, for example, where is a WC near or whatever; it means knowledge not about things in general)".
Inum baldzo / Ni-baldzo – "I know what you mean; I already heard this".
Cheango / chogiliizhe / makhel'teve / Issayo – "For sure / certainly / exactly / definitely".
Torri! – "Hi! Hello!" (in general).
Murut – "Hi" (intimate relationships only).
Murukatoru! – "Hello! / Greetings!".
Ni-śyorgel' neki a-ikushi / Shaurhiel' chinorra / Ni-shaurhil' – "Nice to meet you".
Gel'venorhi! – "Welcome!".
(Dzootezen) k'yorud / k'yorri – "Thank you (very much) / Thanks".
Kolyon(dze) – "Excuse me".
Shel'mudzo, aksh... / Darumdzo, aksh... – "I think that / I guess that (exactly now)".
Aru! – "Bye!".
Arukatoru! – "Goodbye!".
Oikushiyo dorhu! – "See you later!".
Shaalukatoru! – "Good night!".
Shikatoru! – "Good morning!".
Katoru bagole! – "Good afternoon!".
Neki sarhamdzota – "I do not understand you (exactly now; mostly about speech)".
Noi sin'chiikan' – "Believe me".
Sin'chiika noi taseigo – "I cannot believe that".
Mikarun'! / Noi mikarun'! / Mikarre! – "Help me! / I need help!".
Gel'vez – "Please".
Doy tashotu – "You are welcome".
Ni-sanm'yoshel! / Ni-grossiz! – "Amazing! / Cool! / Super! / Great!".
Ni-vokhla / Vokhladza – "You are right".
Sarhamdzo – "I understand / I see".
Ni-fokhlovete / In fokhlovechudzel' – "It is interesting / I am interested in it".
Ni-chumshiga / Ni-chumshakhli – "It is obligatory".
Ni-tachineshi – "I feel sick / I feel bad".
Chyenakya... – "To be honest...".
(Indum, arhkye) ni-kolldu – "Something is wrong (with it, here)".
Tan rokkuon – "It is not a problem / No problems".
Amshemurdzo neki – "I love you".
Shrok-ta / Dzokkal'-ta – "Not now / Later".
Tashigo inde norha! / Ni-mokhvagel'-ta! – "It cannot be! / It is impossible!".
Undratoidzo / Fa'atodzo – "I am busy / I am working now / I am at work".
Tayo bonu – "I have no money".
(Inum) tayo drumlingu – "No idea (about it)".
(Incen) tayo lingru – "'I have no time (for this)".
Shuimezel'dzo! – "You made me mad! / I am angry now!".
Akhltaadzo – "I am hungry".
Yaazun'! / Fliizdan'! – "Do it!".
Sakuuman' cakheyrhe – "Do not give up (literally: "Keep the soul")".
Ingilladzo, aksh.. / Fearhuvedzo, aksh... – "I am sure that...".
Na'adzo – "I agree (with you)".
Yokadzeva lingya chin' / Enokadzeva lingchin' – "It has already changed / It is already different / It is not what you think".
Toidzo nia-narhu / Noi shigo ni-narhu – "I have to do it / I must do it".
Khloya mikaru seigo? – "How can I help?".
Aflize-do gurhu – "In anyways".
Slikadzo mikaryarhu – "I am glad to help / You are welcome (another variant)".
Kirroke! – "Good luck to you!".
Gel'vedya venarhu yarhi! / Gel'vedyá! – "Good job! / Well done!".
Shokimse-do gurhu / biarhove – "As usually".
Aaco ni-chorron-yol' – "Tomorrow it will be better / Tomorrow is a new day (literally: "It is very bad yesterday")".
In mekhlumdze / -dzel' (aksh)... – "It means (that)".
En voshug-yon frozug (literally: "A book is my friend") – "I love / like reading (books)".
En tashot mokhvagel'-ta – "Nothing is impossible".
Kizhuyove – "It is very easy".
Veidzo adu a-shungul'yoza – "I want to give you an advice".
Ishiroodzel' – "it is excess / It is not needed now".
Vegal'ceroki nrou / Ogal'cerodzo – "I am lost / I got lost".
Mazivel'dzo / Mazilooge toidzo / Maziloodzo – "I am ill / sick".
Edze gel'vedya nekidum – "You are doing it really well".
Shlidzuumi tashigo – "No needs to be sad (lit.: No needs to cry)".
Otunarhun'! / Ni-tunarhun'! – "Stop it!".
Nokhlu kun'yokhladza – "I am glad for you".
Samkheshao gurhu shlizg – "Better than anything (lit.: "Better than any water")".
Shigo ni-sagami / Ni-sagamin' – "Forget that".
Shigo ni-sagamita / Ni-sagamin'ta – "Do not forget it".
Gau shigo – "In situ".
Lyeaś (routukh) – "Follow me".
Kao (arhkye) emokhvadzolg du? – "What has happened (here)?".
Kao (arhkye) mokhvadzel'? – "What is going on (here)? / What is happening (here)?".
Sin'chiikan' berhezum – "Believe in yourself".
Kishin'yaki / Kishiin'bagol – "Nowadays / At the present time".
Sitka lingrad – "In the nearest future".
Lingrave – "In (the right) time".
Lingre dzou murhikhe-ta – "When it is boring / When you are bored".
Beezakh dukh – "Same here / This is the same (literally: "Same stone")".
Kroozoch! – "Oh my God!".
Rokuza! – "Damn it! / What the hell?!".

The Krotol numbers[]

1 – sat (satuma – "the first");
2 – bau (baum);
3 – iru (iruma) / iro (iroma);
4 – lau (laum);
5 – sheo (sheoma);
6 – bosh (boshma) / bovash (bovashma);
7 – aspi (aspim);
8 – zorcu (zorcum);
9 – bercu (bercum);
10 – jell (jelluma);
11 – jellsatu (jellsatuma);
20 – bau-jell (bau-jelluma);
21 – bau-jellsatu (bau-jellsatuma);
100 – ekhun (ekhuma);
101 – ekhunsatu (ekhunsatuma);
200 – baekhun (ekhunbaum);
1000 – mizha / mida (mizhma / midma);
2000 – baumizha (baumizhma);
124111 – ekhunbau-jellmidalauekhun-jellsatu (ekhunbau-jellmidalauekhun-jellsatuma);
0 – uchu (uchuma).

Grammar[]

Plural[]

Plural is made by means of tne endings -ch (if the word ends with a vowel) and -ach (if the word ends with a consonant); if the word ends with kh, then plural is made by means of the ending -sh. To express plural with different noun cases, the ending -a is often used as well.

The cases and declension[]

The Krotol grammatic cases with examples are present below (not all the cases are listed here).

Rumig – "(a / the) friend"; rumigach – "(the) friends"; velkha – "(a / the) person"; velkhash – "(the) persons, people".
Nevudzo rumigE – "I see a / the friend (now)"; Nevudzo rumigchE – "I see the friends (now)"; Nevudzo velkhE – "I see a person (now)"; Nevudzo velkhashE – "I see the persons (now)" (what? whom?).
Ak rumigU – "the house of a / the friend"; Ak rumigchU – "the house of the friends"; Ak velkhU – "the house of the person"; Ak velkhashU – "the house of the persons" (of what? of whom?).
Toivas rumigAD – "to give to a / the friend"; Toivas rumigachAD – "to give to the the friends"; Toivas velkhaD – "to give to the person"; Toivas velkhashAD – "to give to the persons" (to what? to whom?).
Teirhu voshug-DO, cay gel'ved, norhayo – "You will be a good friend (rumig and voshug have the same meaning)"; Mekhlate-O bagol norhayo – "The day will be warm"; Dorhuyo gel'ved rumig-DOch – "We will become good friends" (to be / to become what? to be / to become whom?).
Fugoshedzo nuoraikhlu-DO – "I am drawing with a pencil"; Fugoshedzo nuoraikhlu-DOch – "I am drawing with the pencils" (by what?).
Darumdzal' deirhu ashka-DO – "You (plural) have been thinking for a week"; mekhlamur-DO – "in (during) summer" (while / during what?).
ChinookA (Nominative: Chinooko) – "In a / the forest"; chinookchA – "in (the) forests"; akA (Nominative: ak) – "in a / the house"; akchA – "in the houses"; gallazyokKA (Nominative: gallazyok) – "in the darkness"; cakheyrhuA (Nominative: cakheyrhu) – "in the soul" (in what? in whom? inside what? inside whom?).
RumigDUM – "with a / the friend"; rumigaDUM – "with the friends"; velkhaDUM – "with a person"; velkhaDUMa – "with the persons"; falgudDUM (Nominative: falguud) – "with a cave" (with whom? with what?).
Odaredzo voshugTKHA – "I am moving to the friend"; Odaredzo voshugaTKHA / voshuTKHAsh – "I am moving to the friends"; Odaredzo falguuTKHAsh (Nominative: falguud) – "I am moving to the caves"; Shibo feykroTKHAsh – "Ready for adventures"; Mazhivedza nechi dzorraTKHA – "You are leading us to a trouble" (to move to whom? / what? to lead to what? / whom? to be ready for what? towards what? / whom?).
RumigTAS – "without a / the friend"; rumigaTAS – without the friends; velkhaTAS – "without the person"; velkhaTASa – "without the persons" (without what? without whom?).
ZuaykhCUK – "on the tree"; zuaykhaCUK – "on the trees" (on what? on whom?).
RumigCEN – "for a / the friend"; rumigaCEN – "for the friends"; velkhaCEN – "for a person"; velkhaCENa – "for the persons" (for what? for whom?).
RumigUM – "about a / the friend"; rumigchUM – "about the friends"; velkhUM – "about a person"; velkhashUM – "about the persons" (about what? about whom?).
Rumig-DON – "as a friend"; rumig-DONa – "as friends"; velkha-DON – "as a person"; velkha-DONa – "as persons" (as what? as who?).
Rumi(g)VE keeli – "to stand by (near) a / the friend"; rumi(g)VEch keeli – "to stand by (near) the friends" (to be located by what? to be located by whom?).
Rumig-DAN – "like a / the friend"; rumig-DANa – "like the friends"; velkha-DAN – "like the person"; velkha-DANa – "like the persons" (like what? like who?).
KrotoamKO – "from Crotolia"; falgudUKO (Nominative: falguud) – "from a cave"; rumigO – "out of the friend"; rumigOch – "out of the friends" (from where? out of what? out of whom?).
RumigTUKH – "behind a / the friend"; rumigaTUKH – "behind the friends"; velkhaTUKH – "behing the person"; velkhaTUKHa – "behind the persons" (behind what? behind whom?).
RumigTUZ – "through the friend"; rumigaTUZ – "through the friends"; ashkaTUZ – "in a week"; velkhaTUZ – "through a person"; velkhaTUZa – "through the persons" (through what? through whom? in what? (about time)).

The Krotol grammatical cases with their Krotol / English names and English examples

All the endings of these cases are usually used with nouns only but there are exceptions. The ending of instrumentalis (-do) is often used with adjectives when there is no a noun in the sentence: Koulushi-do roiva – "I have become tall", meaning "I have become a tall man". The ending of prolative (-cen) is often used with the verbs to make the "in order to" construction: Toidza a-fekhlarhi sarhamicen – "In order to understand you must see". The ending of dative (-d) is rarely used with the participles when there is no a noun in the sentence: Sitka narhgud – "Close to the doing (people)".

The endings of inessiv (-a, -va) can be added to several verbs and to mean "while doing something", for example, Roua ni-kizhuumi a-jekhlagi arhkadechia vunnorhe – "It is easy for me to lose attention while learning".

The ending of abessiv (-tas) can be added to verbs, too, and to mean "without doing something", for example, Ni-khlizhuumi biarhoku shanmekhlatas – "It is always boring without playing".

Declension of the pronouns[]

Rou – nokhlu – nokhlu – noi – nokhlu-do – nokhla ("in / inside me") – nokhludum ("with me") – nokhlutkha ("towards me") – nokhlutas ("without me") – nokhlunuk ("on me") – nokhlucen ("for me") – nokhlum ("about me") – nokhlu-don ("as me") – nokhluve ("near / by me") – nokhlu-dan ("like me") – nokhluko ("out of me") – routukh ("behind me") – routuz ("through me");
aga / mi / Miku – neki (neki-nechi – "me and you") – neki – adu – neki-do – neka / agava ("in / inside you") – nekidum ("with you") – nekitkha ("towards you") – nekitas ("without you") – nenuk ("on you") – nekicen ("for you") – nekum ("about you") – neki-don ("as you") – nekive / agave ("near / by you") – neki-dan ("like you") – neko / ago ("out of you") – nekitukh ("behind you") – nekituz ("through you");
rui – drui – drui – drua – rui-do – ruiva – ruidum – ruitkha – ruitas – ruinuk – ruicen – drum – rui-don – ruive – rui-dan – ruiko – ruitukh – ruituz;
eiva – eiga – eiga – eida – eiva-do – eyava – eidum – eitkha – eitas – einuk – eivacen – eivum – eiva-don – eive – eiva-dan – eiko – eitukh – eituz;
in – ni – inu – inde – in-do – inva – indum – intkha – intas – innuk – incen – inum – in-don – inve – in-dan – inko – intukh – intuz;
aika – nechi – nechi – nachi – aika-do / nechi-do – aiva – nechidum – nechitkha – nechitas – nechinuk – nechicen – nechum – nechi-don – nechive – nechi-dan – nechiko – nechitukh – nechituz;
rouku – drouku – drouku – dreki – rouku-do – rouka – roukudum – roukutkha – roukutas – ronuk – roukucen – roukum – rouku-don – roukuve – rouku-dan – rouko – roukutukh – roukutuz;
aiga – ekhli– ekhli – ekhla – ekhli-do / aiga-do – aigava – ekhlidum / aigadum – ekhlitkha – ekhlitas – ekhlicuk – ekhlicen – ekhlium – aiga-don – aigave – aiga-dan – aigo / ekhliko – aigatukh – aigatuz.

Present Simple and the rest[]

All the Krotol tenses, as opposed to the English ones, must be very precisely used. For example, if you have a thing or if you see something exactly now, you must necessarily use Present Continuous. The verbs conjugate only in the Continuous tenses.

In Present Simple the verbs never change. This tense is used to say about things you do always or in general:

Fingilla rou nevunga voshuge [fingila rou nɛvunga voʂugɛ] – "I see the friend often";
A-mikhlachi murhichi aika [a miɬat͡ʃi muɾit͡ʃi ajka] – "We like to run / We like running".

En – "is / are"; this word is used to describe constant states of nouns and can stay anywhere in the sentences, except for the ending:

Doorka en echianeshi – "The song is enjoyable";
En doorka echianeshi – the meaning of the sentence has not changed at all.

Another construction means using cay – "which is / which are / who is / who are":

Doorka, cay gel'ved – "A song, which is good";
Velkha, cay shufuri – "A person, who is nice".

Interrogative sentences[]

Are mostly made by only changing intonation of speaking to the interrogative form, but sometimes the word zu (zun) – "whether, if (whether it is)" is used in the beginning or at the end:

Zun doorka echianeshi? – "Is the song enjoyable?";
Balza Miku, zu jarhi fishuak sitka? – "Do you know whether there is a shop closely?".

Participles[]

Are made by means of the next rules:

if the verb ends with -a, it is always cut; if after or before cutting -a the verb ends with -m, -sh, -v, -r, -rh or -i, you add the ending -igu: varhum ("to come") – varhumigu ("coming"), gel'vetosh ("to improve") – gel'vetoshigu ("improving"), sarhami ("to understand") – sarhamigu ("understanding"), shoiva ("to write") – shoivigu ("writing") etc.;
if the verb ends with -ru or -rhu, -u is cut and -gu is added: narhu ("to do") – narhgu ("doing"); mikaru ("to help") – mikargu ("helping");
if the verb after or before cutting -a ends with -k or -g, -d, -kh, -z, -s, -khl or -n, you add the ending -u: shaltuk ("to sleep") – shaltuku ("sleeping"), bazda ("to locate, to situate") – bazdu ("locating, situating"), shaan ("to say") – shaanu ("saying"), divyenrokh ("to remember") – divyenrokhu ("remembering"), balza ("to know") – balzu ("knowing"), toivas ("to give") – toivasu ("giving"), dovalzag ("to approve") – dovalzagu ("approving"), shingyokhla ("to live") – shingyokhlu ("living");
if the verb ends with -t, you add the ending -tu: tonk'yoshet ("to edit") – tonk'yohettu ("editing");
as an exception, if the verb ends with -gami, the partciple ending is -dzu: shegami ("to speak") – shegamidzu ("speaking").

Adverbs[]

Are made by adding to the adjectives and the participles the ending -ya; moreover, if the word ends with a vowel, it is often cut (but this rule is never used if the word ends with a consonant): ashagel' ("beautiful") – ashagel'ya ("beautifully"); turnrooki ("nice") – turnrookya ("nicely"); veeli ("funny, amusing") – veel'ya ("amusingly") etc.

Some exceptions:

dayogon ("exact") – dayogo ("exactly");
arvokhlu ("entire") – arvotuko ("entirely");
domasii ("strong") – domasko ("strongly");
cheagoon, cheakhla ("true") – cheango ("truly");
ravidzoki ("serious") – ravituko ("seriously");
mardrook, mardreel' ("constant") – mardrol'go, mardreel'go ("constantly");
tomishoogel' ("absolute") – tomishootu ("absolutely");
makhel'togu ("definite") – makhel'teve ("definitely").

Postpositions and prepositions[]

Postpositions[]

The postposition -shot (-sho, if the first letter of the next word is t or d) can be added to the end of the adjectives, participles, sometimes verbs and nouns; the postposition means "completely, absolutely, fully, certainly":

ulumi-shot – "absolutely soft";
itump-shot – "certainly a fool";
En khluarhi vekhlaucorhi-shot – "The task is completely done".

The pospositions -yol' (sometimes -yoli) and -toki mean "very"; -yol' is used with most of the adjectives:

shufuri-yol' – "very nice";
chorron-yol' / chorron-yoli – "very bad".

The postposition -toki with the same meaning is used if the adjective ends with -l', l or ll;it is also used when the previous letter in the adjective is one of them:

tumunzel'-toki – "very scary";
otumaall-toki – "very important";
morshel-toki – "very dangerous";
śiugella-toki – "very wise".

This postposition is also used with all the adverbs:

gel'vedya-toki – "very well / so well";
oikhiya-toki – "very clearly / so clearly";
maakhgel'ya-toki – "very sorrowfully".

The most common postposition -ta (ta) is used with any part of speech and means negation:

m'yok-ta – "not a cat";
katoru-ta – "not kind";
sagamita – "not to forget".

The word aksh ("that") can be converted into a postposition, too:

Eshekasum roiva, ni-torumekhlash [ɛʂɛkasum rojva ni-torumɛɬaʂ] – "I have explained that it is beneficial";
Darumdzo, fingorhiel' nagash [darumdzo fingoɾiɛl nagaʂ] – "I think that you are intelligent";
Sarhamdzo, ni-chorronksh [baɫdzo ni-t͡ʃor:onkʂ] – "I understand that it is bad";
Tavekhi baldze, nin makhgel'yoksh [tavɛxi baɫdzɛ nin maxgeljokʂ] – "Nobody understands that it is a sorrow".

The possesive pronouns in Krotol are postpositions as well:

afaik-yon – "my room";
afaik-yan – "your room";
afaik-yen – "his/her/its room";
afaik-yonu – "our room";
afaik-yon' – "their room";
afaik-yan' – "your (plural) room".

Some constructions with postpositions are very complicated, but they are always used only by native speakers, and the people who learn the language easily can be understood without them:

Baldzo, ni-chorron-yoliksh oodri-yol'kshatosh = Baldzo, aksh ni-chorron-yoli akshatosh oodri-yol' – "I know that it is very bad because it is very cruel";
...tazugel'chudzayokshatosh... = ...chogiliizhe / cheango / makhel'teve gel'chudzayo akshatosh... – "(It can happen) surely because you will be performing".

Prepositions[]

The prepositions ina-, -na and nina- (kina- for the past tense) are used with nouns only, while no- is used only with verbs.

Ina- has the meaning of "this" and 'these"; na- has the meaning of "that (noun)" and "those"; śina- has the meaning of "this (noun) is, these (nouns) are":
ina-rukha – "this man"; ina-rukhash – "these men";
śina-rukha fingorhiel' – "this man is intelligent"; śina-rukhash fingorhiel' – "these men are intelligent".

O- is used to make the "self" verbs (but only with animate subjects):
Veidzo a-shlizuuga ("I want to wash") – A-oshlizuuga veidzo ("I want to wash myself").

Degree of comparison[]

Degree of comparision always depends on the adjective's ending:

ashagel' ("beautiful") – ashagella ("more beautiful") – ashagel'khe ("the most beautiful") or ashagel'zok;

shlirhuk ("wet") – shlirhuka ("more wet") – orhishlirhuk ("the most wet");
mautoru ("fast") – mautorua ("faster") – mautoruzok ("the fastest");
otumaall ("important") – otumaalla ("more important") – orhiotumaall / otumaallzok ("the most important");
ulumi ("soft") – ulumia ("softer") – orhiulumi ("the softest");
shukumaan ("strange") – shukumaana ("more strange") – shukumaanzok ("the most strange");
viidulikh ("clear") – viidulikhe ("more clear") – viidulikha ("the most clear");
fokhlovete ("interesting") – fokhlovetea ("more interesting") – fokhlovetezok ("the most interesting");
kiisko ("young") – kiiskoa ("younger") – orhikiisko ("the youngest").

Exceptions:

gel'ved ("good") – samkhet ("better") – gel'vezok ("the best");
domasii ("strong") – domassa ("stronger") – domazok ("the strongest").

To say that you, for example, like something the most, you always use zok:

Murhichi rou khleyne zok – "I like autumn the most".

The pronouns in Present Simple[]

nrou [nrou] – "I am";
naga [naga] – "you are (not politely)", Enmiku – "you are (politely)";
nrui [nruj] – "he is";
neiva [nɛjva] – "she is";
nin [nin] – "it is", the word na means "This one is", nichu – "these are";
naika [najka] – "we are";
naiga [najga] – "you are (plural)";
nrouku [nrouku] – "they are".

Future Simple[]

This tense is used when an action is meant to be in the future, but not a process. The Krotol ending for the Future tenses is always -yo. However, It can be added to any word in a sentence, not only to verbs. The same as in Present Simple, in Future Simple the verbs never change:

Daoshook iflized rouyo varhuyokka coiva [daoʂo:k iflizɛd roujo vaɾujok:a t͡sojva] – "Maybe I will think this way in the future (but now I never think this way)", where rou means "I";
Oikushi bezukulyo aika cheango [ojkuʂi bɛzukuɫjo ajka t͡ʃɛango] – "We will surely meet each other again (not once in the future)", where bezukul means "again and again".

Present Continuous[]

The Continuous tenses in Krotol are always used when the action is meant to be a process.

Verbs conjugate in these tenses with the next endings:

rou ("I") – -dzo;
aga and Miku ("you" – not politely and politely) – -dza;
rui / eiva / in ("he / she / it") – -dze / -dzel' (usually if the verb already has l, ll or l');
aika ("we") – -dzu;
aiga ("you" in plural) – -dzal';
rouku / innu ("they, it (plural)") – -dzol'.

Making the Continuous form out of a verb can be a problem for those, who do not speak the language: it is not always clear how to make this, for example:

shegami ("to speak") – shegamdzo;
shekasum ("to explain, to say") – shekadzo;
narhu ("to do") – narhudzo etc.

Pronouns in the Continuous tenses are almost always not used because the verbs have enough information.

As opposed to English, the verbs of feelings, such as "to see", "to hear", "to love", can stay in Krotol in the Continuous tenses, but some Krotol verbs cannot stay in these tenses nevertheless: shamdzok ("to decide"), dzolg ("to open"), dzoshum ("to close"), toivatuka ("to trust") etc.

In the Krotol Continuous tenses some adjectives and adverbs can play the role of verbs, for example,

Shufurdze bagol – "The day is nice (shufuri – "nice")";
Ashagel'dza – "You are beautiful now (ashagel' – "beautiful")";
Du'ukhidzel' rui – "He is behaving stupidly (du'ukhi – "silly, stupid")";
Arhkyedzel' m'yok – "The cat is here now" etc.

Past Continuous[]

This tense is made by means of the same endings as Present Continuous, but additionally by means of the ending -khe:

Shlidzokhe – "I was crying";
Narhudzakhe – "You were doing" etc.

This tense can be also made by using the pronouns in the "past" for like, for example, narhudzo naiś – "I was doing" (check out the "Past Simple" section).

Future Continuous[]

This tense is made by means of the same endings as Present Continuous, but additionally by means of the ending -yo (and again, it does not matter to wich word in the sentence you add this ending):

Shlidzayo – "You will be crying";
Makhel'teve ni-narhudzo kishin'yakiyo – "I will be doing it these days for sure" etc.

Present Perfect[]

This tense is always used when it means that the action has been finished.

The tense is made by adding e- to the beginning of a verb. If a verb starts with i-, you cut it and add e- instead: narhu ("to do") – enarhu; ikushi ("to meet") – ekushi.

If the tense is used in a sentence without a pronoun, you must add du (singular) and duk (plural) to the end of the sentence:

L'youk evarhum du [lʲjouk ɛvaɾum du] – "The boy has come / The boy came";
Aakhlizhe velkhash enaak duk [a:ɬiʐɛ vɛɫxaʂ ɛna:k duk] – "The people ate / have eaten the food".

If the verb in the sentence ends with -da, then du and duk can stay in the beginning:

Duk velkhash viadzuke ashagel' ekosheda [duk vɛɫxaʂ viadzuke aʂagelʲ ɛkoʂɛda] – "The people have created a beautiful thing".

If there are the pronouns in a sentence, you need to convert them to the "perfect" form:

rou → roiva [rojva];
aga/Miku → teirhu [tɛjɾu];
rui → keirhu [kɛjɾu];
eiva → eiśi [ɛjɕɕi];
in → chin' [t͡ʃiɲ];
aika → dorhu [doɾu];
aiga → deirhu [dɛjɾu];
rouku → chigo [t͡ʃigo].

Examples:

Eyeśi dorhu ako [ɛjeɕɕi doɾu ako] – "We have left the house/We left the house";
Kishiin' etuvumgekhla-ni eiśi [kiʂi:ɲ ɛtuvumgɛɬa-ni ɛjɕɕi] – "She has finished today";
Esarhami keirhu tuvumgel'ya [ɛsaɾami kɛjɾu tuvumgɛlʲja] – "He has understood finally / He understood finally" etc.

By adding the ending -en to the pronouns in the perfect form you can express "already":

Etoisheda roivaen [ɛtoiʂɛda rojvaɛn] – "I have already sent";
Efekhlarhi eiśien [ɛfɛɬaɾi ɛjɕɕiɛn] – "She has already seen";
Enarhu teirhuen chukku [ɛnaɾu tejɾuen t͡ʃuk:u] – "You have done enough already".

That can be also applied to the sentences without pronouns:

L'youk evarhum duen – "The boy has already come";
Velkhamura erhagekhli dokhluen – "The people have already forgiven me".

Future Perfect "Far"[]

The tense is used when it is meant that an action will happen in the future, but not certainly. As opposed to Present Perfect, in this tense you do not add e- to the beginning of a verb. Like in most of the Krotol future tenses, you add -yo to any word in the sentence:

Chinooke dorhu lyeachugayo [t͡ʃino:kɛ doɾu ljeat͡ʃugajo] – "We will have found the forest (not certaninly)";
Shekasum eiśiyo kara ni-khlaucorhi shigo [ʂɛkasum ɛjɕɕijo kara ni-naɾu ʂigo] – "She will have explained how we must do it correctly (but maybe she will have not)";
Myekhotaryo tumukhla goondzu du [mjexotarjo tumuɬa go:ndzu du] – "The bird will have died soon (but maybe it will live)".

Some verbs are never used in the perfect tenses, such as ek ("to go").

Future Perfect "Close"[]

The tense is used when it is meant that an action will certainly happen in the nearest future. As opposed to the "Far" Future Perfect, you add the -ne / -me instead of -yo. If a verb ends with -a, -u or -i, these letters are often cut. If there are no any pronouns in a sentence, du and duk, as opposed to the "Far" future Perfect, are not needed:

Roiva ikushime rumige [rojva ikuʂimɛ rumigɛ] – "I am going to meet a friend / I will have met a friend (very soon);
Chugekhlame dorhu ina-mede [t͡ʃugeɬamɛ doɾu ina-mɛdɛ] – "We are going to climb this mountain / We will have climbed this mountain (very soon)";
Ikachine l'youk tonokhle [ikat͡ʃinɛ ljouk tonoɬɛ] – "The boy will have learnt the lesson (very soon)".

Present Perfect Continuous[]

This tense is made by the same endings as the other continuous tenses, but to make this tense you, to addition to the endings of the Continuous tenses, need to convert the pronouns to the "perfect" form:

Shegamdzu dorhu 3 (iru) lin'yok-doch [ʂɛgamdzu doɾu iru liɲjok-dot͡ʃ] – "We have been talking for 3 hours";
Lyeayodzo voshuge roiva [ljeajodzo voʂugɛ rojva] – "I have been looking for a friend";
Darumdzol' chigo ashka-do [darumdzolʲ t͡ʃigo aʂka-do] – "They have been thinking for a week".

If there are no the pronouns in a sentence, you add du (singular) and duk (plural) to the end of the sentence:

Arbagol-do yevinrodze l'youk du [arbagoɫ-do jɛvinrodze lʲjouk du] – "The boy has been reading for the whole day";
Ekhlkach arbagol-do mikhladzol' duk [ɛɬkat͡ʃ arbagoɫ-do miɬadzol duk] – "The girls have been running for the whole day".

Past Simple[]

This tense is used when you say about things, which you used to did in the past in general. The same as in Present Simple and Future Simple, in Past Simple the verbs never change; instead of it, you need to convert the pronouns into the "past" form or add du (duk):

rou → naiś [najɕɕ] ("I did, I was");
Miku, aga → cu [t͡su] ("you did, you were");
rui → yechi [jet͡ʃi] ("he did, he was");
eiva → aiśi [ajɕɕi] ("she did, she was");
in → ine [inɛ] ("it did");
aika → dorhua [doɾua] ("we did, we were");
aiga → aicu [ajt͡su] ("you (plural) did, you were");
rouku → cayemi [t͡sajemi] ("they did, they were").

Examples:

Shel'mudzo, arhkye yechi ina-bagol-do [ʂɛlʲmudzo aɾkje jet͡ʃi ina-bagoɫ-do] – "I think he was here this day";
Ca-shoyrukshi [t͡sa-ʂojrukʂi] – "It was terrible";
Munchul'go Ine shelyoke samhke toiva [munt͡ʃulgo inɛ ʂɛɫjokɛ samxɛ tojva] – "In the past it had a better condition";
A-fugosheda murhichi dorhua, dzou muk-doch [a-fugoʂɛda muɾit͡ʃi doɾua dzou muk-dot͡ʃ] – "We liked to draw when we were children";
Shu'ul yozhi naak du [ʂuʕuɫ joʐi na:k du] – "The dog used to eat a lot".

Passive Voice[]

Passive Voice in the language is made by using "to be" or the pronouns in the "perfect" form, to emphasize the action has been fully completed (but it is not necessary and the pronouns can stay in the "present" form), together with the prepositions ve- and yo-:

Nin venarhu [nin vɛnaɾu] – "It is being made";
En vesagami doorka [ɛn vɛsagami do:rka] – "The song was / is / has been forgotten";
Vetumunzarhu nrou domasko [vɛtumunzaɾu nrou domasko] – "I was / am / have been strongly scared".

The preposition -yo is used when a verb already has -v-:

Eiśi naceeyrhu falguuda yoravesha [ejɕɕi nat͡sɛ:jɾu faɫgu:da joravɛʂa] – "She was / is / has been born in a big cave";
Yovungi varhuyokka naga chogiliizheyo [jovungi vaɾuyok:a naga t͡ʃogili:ʐɛjo] – "You will be / will have been noticed in the future for sure";

The ending -en added to the verbs can express "already":

Rokkuon yarhi vekhlyeachugaen [rok:uon jaɾi vɛɬjeat͡ʃugaɛn] – "The problem has already been solved";
Nin venarhuen – "It is already being done".

Syntax[]

The order of the words in the Krotol sentences is free (words can stay in almost any possible order), except for some rules like, for example, norha – "to be" always stands at the end of a Krotol sentence (although in songs it can be often ignored).

In the complicated sentences it is not needed to repeat du and duk (see the "Present Perfect" section) at the end of every part – it is allowed to put only one duk to the end of any complicated sentence: Eyeśi ruylung dzou, evarhum eylung duk [ɛjeɕɕi rujlung dzou, ɛvaʁum ɛjlung duk] – "When the brother had gone, the sister has come".

Text sample[]

In Krotol[]

Gurhi baazdulu deengu frozach en vestillachi khavekheyna-do: vungel' ye vungel'-ta viadzukche mekhlumigu frozach en viafrozach, kaorhe shoimalzugu frozach en fugofrozach, khavegoche mekhlumigu frozach en arhifrozach, yek fliddayoki.

En froz gurhi shayooki a-mekhluma sokeya: kelshuyook-do «m'yolg» baazdula-yonu shokimsetya mekhluma, bekhlia fliddayoki baazdulcha, yol, kel'dirhuk, savva-doch vekoshelzog aakhlizhviadzuke, tau, inve (m'yolgyaunz-do voorhumigu ruoshiik-do), nin yosuvanekha mekhlukhokkacen kissakhlize — «Ni-turnrooki», «Ni-gel've-toki» yek choogel'ya shaancen.

Dzolingkh tomishootu fyorhgel' frozach mekhluma beezakhya — «sakuuma»- ye «koiva»-frozach kelshuyook-do — cay bezafrozach; de vesagamel' frozach yarhi — ichurhu shazu en veyaazu beezakhya mekhlumigu flidda froz: kelshuyook-do kishin'yaki yaazutaling «duki»-froze, ish inazu makago biarhoku yaazu «toiva»-froze.

Teiga satukhla-do keeligu frozach en teigafrozach, u oykhi-yol' kelshuyook en «mekhlate» — «ittume» bauca; teigafrozbaucachu makazo en vedzegekhla fugofroz-doch, tau ichurhu visagi yarhi dumgel'ya arhifrozach — «ek» ye «keeli» bauca zau «narhu» yek «ta'arhu» bauca-dan — yek flidda frozdzevach.

Translation[]

"All words that a language includes are divided according to their function: nouns are words that mean visible and invisible things, adjectives are words that describe something, verbs are words that mean actions, and so on.

Every word is able to have several meanings: for example, "honey" in our language usually means, as it is in other languages, adhesive, sweet, produced by bees kind of foodstuff, but, together with it — because of pleasure that eating honey brings — it is also used to say about joy, for example "It is great", "It is very good" and all of this kind.

Sometimes completely distinct words have the same meaning — such as sakuuma and koiva ("to keep") — and these are called synonyms; or there are archaic words — instead of them, an other word with the same meaning is used: for example, the word duki ("to have") is almost not used nowadays anymore, and instead of it toiva is used.

Words that are opposed to each other are antonyms and a clear example of this (category) is the "warm — cold" pair; most pairs of antonyms are composed by adjectives, but there also verbs among them, such as the "to go" and "to stand" pair or the "to do" and "not to do" pair, and words from other categories".

Krotol names[]

Krotol names always have particular meanings and come mainly from the Krotol words.

Below are some of the examples (the acuts mean stressing):

Eníísi [ɛni:si] (male) – "living, existing (from enna – "real, really existing, living", therefore the name can also be interpreted as "a true man")";
Darési [darɛsi] (male, shortened: Darém [darɛm]) – "thinking, thoughtful (from daruma – "to think", therefore the name can be also interpreted as "a philosopher")";
Tomási [tomasi] (male, shortened: Tómi [tomi]) – "a strong one (from domasii – "strong")";
Eridómell [ɛridomel] (male, shortened: Erdómi [ɛrdomi]) – "bear-like (from eri or eridor – "a bear")";
Túkkoyen [tuk:ojen](male, shortened: Túkko [tuk:o]) –"a happy one (from tukutoru – "happy", therefore the name can be also interpreted as "the one from brings happiness")";
Drélshik [drɛɫʂik] (male, shortened: Dréégo [drɛ:go]) – "a formidable one (from dreshigel' – "formidable, impressive")";
Dóóyorven [do:jorven] (male, shortened: Dórvin [dorvin]) – "the one who plays music; the one who sings (from door – "music")";
Rokkunázo [rok:unazo] (male, shortened: Roáku [roaku]) – can be interpreted as "the strong, the dangerous one" because rokku means "a danger";
Kellék [kɛlɛk] (male, shortened: Kélla [kɛla]) – "a kind-hearted one (from kelloshi – "kind-hearted")";
Khazarúl [xazaruɫ] (male, shortened: Khazrúl [xazruɫ]) – "a full of enegy one (from khazarel' – "nimble, full of energy");
Sendarúl [sɛndaruɫ] (male, shortened: Séndi [sɛndi], Serúl [sɛruɫ]) – "a sturdy one (from sedoor – "strength")";
Makiárvo [makiarvo] (male) / Makiárvi [makiarvi] (female) – "pure like a kid (from muk – "a kid" and arvoshku – "entire")";
Shavák [ʂavak] (female, shortened: Shávi [ʂavak]) – "a careful mother (from shavigel' – "careful")";
Tarimá [tarima] (female, shortened: Tára [tara]) – "bird-like (from myekhotar – "a bird", therefore the name can be also interpretated as "an agile one")";
Eguési [ɛguɛsi] (female, shortened: Égu [ɛjgua]) – "sunny (from Eguski – "the Sun")";
Aulumá [aluma] (female, shortened: Aulú [aulu]) – "wolf-like (from Alushima – "she-wolf");
Nuorimá [nuorima] (shortened: Núúri [nu:ri]) – "colourful (from Nuori – "paint")";
Shlizumá [ʂlizuma] – has roots from the Krotol word shlizg, meaning "water"; possibly, "the one who gives life" because water in the Krotol culture is connected with life.

Krotol dubs[]

Most media is dubbed into Krotol, subtitling is usually only used for the hearing impaired.

See available recordings of Krotol-dubbed cartoon airings here.

The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (Micuyoki feykroch Vinni-Pukhdum)[]

Winnie the Pooh → Vinni-Pukh
Aired in the 90's on the Crotolian television channel CGT 1, currently rerun as of 2018 on Murut TV
The opening song: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LzafjVycfHA&feature=youtu.be

Darkwing Duck (Galkhotar)[]

Drake Mallard/Darkwing Duck → Nisskia Hotar/Galkhotar
The opening song (version 1): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQlVjqXBkiY

Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears (GumiEridochi)[]

The opening song (not full): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nr8COb7aB0M

The full version: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpAUg03Ldxs&feature=youtu.be

DuckTales (1987) (Nalltoimukkach)[]

The opening song – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WDorx9f158s

Phineas and Ferb (Finisi yek Ferhb)[]

The songs:

the opening song – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANeqhfVeyc4

"Come Home, Perry" – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQOyQ1C6TTw

"When We Didn't Get Along" – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AT8RV3rI-o

"Queen of Mars" – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_DTFixNLqc